Journals >International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
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2025
Volume: 7 Issue 1
31 Article(s)
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[in Chinese]
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Apr. 17, 2025
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 1 (2025)
Programmable mechanical properties of additively manufactured novel steel
Su Jinlong, Li Qian, Teng Jie, Ng Fern Lan, Shen Zheling, Goh Min Hao, Jiang Fulin, Sing Swee Leong, Yang Tao, and Tan Chaolin
Tailoring thermal history during additive manufacturing (AM) offers a feasible approach to customise the microstructure and properties of materials without changing alloy compositions or post-heat treatment, which is generally overlooked as it is hard to achieve in commercial materials. Herein, a customised Fe–Ni–Ti–AlTailoring thermal history during additive manufacturing (AM) offers a feasible approach to customise the microstructure and properties of materials without changing alloy compositions or post-heat treatment, which is generally overlooked as it is hard to achieve in commercial materials. Herein, a customised Fe–Ni–Ti–Al maraging steel with rapid precipitation kinetics offers the opportunity to leverage thermal history during AM for achieving large-range tunable strength-ductility combinations. The Fe–Ni–Ti–Al steel was processed by laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) with different deposition strategies to tailor the thermal history. As the phase transformation and in-situ formation of multi-scale secondary phases of the Fe–Ni–Ti–Al steel are sensitive to the thermal histories, the deposited steel achieved a large range of tuneable mechanical properties. Specifically, the interlayer paused deposited sample exhibits superior tensile strength (~1.54 GPa) and moderate elongation (~8.1%), which is attributed to the formation of unique hierarchical structures and the in-situ precipitation of high-density η-Ni3(Ti, Al) during LDED. In contrast, the substrate heating deposited sample has an excellent elongation of 19.3% together with a high tensile strength of 1.24 GPa. The achievable mechanical property range via tailoring thermal history in the LDED-built Fe–Ni–Ti–Al steel is significantly larger than most commercial materials. The findings highlight the material customisation along with AM's unique thermal history to achieve versatile mechanical performances of deposited materials, which could inspire more property or function manipulations of materials by AM process control or innovation..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15001 (2025)
Focal volume optics for composite structuring in transparent solids
Zhang Bo, Wang Zhuo, Tan Dezhi, Gu Min, Yue Yuanzheng, and Qiu Jianrong
Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms. Here, we revealed a controllableAchieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms. Here, we revealed a controllable ultrafast laser-induced focal volume light field and experimentally succeeded in highly efficient one-step composite structuring in multiple transparent solids. A pair of spatially coupled twin periodic structures reflecting light distribution in the focal volume are simultaneously created and independently tuned by engineering ultrafast laser-matter interaction. We demonstrated that the generated composite micro-nano structures are applicable to multi-dimensional information integration, nonlinear diffractive elements, and multi-functional optical modulation. This work presents the experimental verification of highly universal all-optical fabrication of composite micro-nano structures with independent controllability in multiple degrees of freedom, expands the current cognition of ultrafast laser-based material modification in transparent solids, and establishes a new scientific aspect of strong-field optics, namely, focal volume optics for composite structuring transparent solids..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15002 (2025)
Heterogeneous interfaces of aluminum bronze/Inconel 718 dissimilar alloys under different wire arc directed energy deposition sequences
Chang Tianxing, Fang Xuewei, Zhou You, Zhang Hongkai, Xi Naiyuan, Ghafoor Shahid, and Huang Ke
The layer-by-layer deposition strategy of additive manufacturing makes it ideal to fabricate dissimilar alloy components with varying functionality, which has promising application potential in a large number of industrial areas. In this study, two components composed of ERCuAl-A2 aluminum bronze (CuAl9) and Inconel 71The layer-by-layer deposition strategy of additive manufacturing makes it ideal to fabricate dissimilar alloy components with varying functionality, which has promising application potential in a large number of industrial areas. In this study, two components composed of ERCuAl-A2 aluminum bronze (CuAl9) and Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy were fabricated with different deposition orders by wire-arc directed energy deposition. Subject to changes in heat input and thermophysical properties of the substrate, the transition region of the deposited Cu–Ni component with the bottom half of CuAl9 and the top half of Inconel 718 is narrow and serrated. This region features a laminated intermetallic compound layer due to the convection and rapid cooling in the molten pool. In contrast, the Ni–Cu component deposited in the opposite order exhibits a 2 mm gradient transition zone. Within this region, a large number of diverse precipitates were found as well as regional variations in grain size due to the multi-layer partial remelting. Both two components show strong bonds and their tensile specimens tested along the vertical direction always fracture at the softer CuAl9 side. Excellent tensile properties along the horizontal direction were obtained for Cu–Ni (Ultimate tensile strength: 573 MPa, yield stress: 302 MPa, elongation: 22%), while those of Ni–Cu are much lower due to the existence of the solidification cracks in the transition zone. The results from this study provide a reference for the additive manufacturing of Cu/Ni dissimilar alloy components, as well as their microstructure and mechanical properties control..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15003 (2025)
Glass catfish inspired subaquatic abrasion-resistant anti-fouling window fabricated by femtosecond laser electrodeposition
Zhang Jialiang, Ren Fangzheng, Yang Qing, Ma Qingyun, Liang Jie, Meng Yizhao, Gou Xiaodan, Xia Chongxiao, and Chen Feng
Transparent materials utilized as underwater optical windows are highly vulnerable to various forms of pollution or abrasion due to their intrinsic hydrophilic properties. This susceptibility is particularly pronounced in underwater environments where pollutants can impede the operation of these optical devices, signifTransparent materials utilized as underwater optical windows are highly vulnerable to various forms of pollution or abrasion due to their intrinsic hydrophilic properties. This susceptibility is particularly pronounced in underwater environments where pollutants can impede the operation of these optical devices, significantly degrading or even compromising their optical properties. The glass catfish, known for its remarkable transparency in water, maintains surface cleanliness and clarity despite exposure to contaminants, impurities abrasion, and hydraulic pressure. Inspired by the glass catfish's natural attributes, this study introduces a new solution named subaquatic abrasion-resistant and anti-fouling window (SAAW). Utilizing femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition, the SAAW is engineered by embedding fine metal bone structures into a transparent substrate and anti-fouling sliding layer, akin to the sturdy bones among catfish's body. This approach significantly bolsters the window's abrasion resistance and anti-fouling performance while maintaining high light transmittance. The sliding layer on the SAAW's surface remarkably reduces the friction of various liquids, which is the reason that SAAW owns the great anti-fouling property. The SAAW demonstrates outstanding optical clarity even after enduring hundreds of sandpaper abrasions, attributing to the fine metal bone structures bearing all external forces and protecting the sliding layer of SAAW. Furthermore, it exhibits exceptional resistance to biological adhesion and underwater pressure. In a green algae environment, the window remains clean with minimal change in transmittance over one month. Moreover, it retains its wettability and anti-fouling properties when subjected to a depth of 30 m of underwater pressure for 30 d. Hence, the SAAW prepared by femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition presents a promising strategy for developing stable optical windows in liquid environments..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 08, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15004 (2025)
Precise modulation of the debonding behaviours of ultra-thin wafers by laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave for advanced packaging of chips
Zhang Jieyuan, Hu Yanlei, Wang Fangcheng, Liu Qiang, Niu Fangfang, Li Jinhui, Huang Mingqi, Zhang Guoping, and Sun Rong
Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging, such as fan-out integration, 2.5D/3D ICs, and MEMS devices. Typically, laser debonding of bonded pairs (R/R separation) is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at highLaser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging, such as fan-out integration, 2.5D/3D ICs, and MEMS devices. Typically, laser debonding of bonded pairs (R/R separation) is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities. However, this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer, severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers. Here, we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave, which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer (R/A separation). By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material, we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes. Additionally, we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods. This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology. The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile, controllable, and highly reliable, and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers, demonstrating strong industrial adaptability, which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 13, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15005 (2025)
Laser-induced thermo-compression bonding for Cu–Au heterogeneous nanojoining
Wan Hui, Shu Yu, Chen Shuo, Cao Hao, Zhou Shengjun, Liu Sheng, and Gui Chengqun
Surface tension-induced shrinkage of heterogeneously bonded interfaces is a key factor in limiting the performance of nanostructures. Herein, we demonstrate a laser-induced thermo-compression bonding technology to suppress surface tension-induced shrinkage of Cu–Au bonded interface. A focused laser beam is used to applSurface tension-induced shrinkage of heterogeneously bonded interfaces is a key factor in limiting the performance of nanostructures. Herein, we demonstrate a laser-induced thermo-compression bonding technology to suppress surface tension-induced shrinkage of Cu–Au bonded interface. A focused laser beam is used to apply localized heating and scattering force to the exposed Cu nanowire. The laser-induced scattering force and the heating can be adjusted by regulating the exposure intensity. When the ratio of scattering forces to the gravity of the exposed nanowire reaches 3.6 × 103, the molten Cu nanowire is compressed into flattened shape rather than shrinking into nanosphere by the surface tension. As a result, the Cu–Au bonding interface is broadened fourfold by the scattering force, leading to a reduction in contact resistance of approximately 56%. This noncontact thermo-compression bonding technology provides significant possibilities for the interconnect packaging and integration of nanodevices..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15101 (2025)
Self-adjusting voxelated electrochemical three-dimensional printing of metallic microstructures
Meng Xianghe, Wu Xiaomo, Shen Xingjian, Xu Yan, Zhang Hao, Chen Mingjun, and Xie Hui
Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices. Meniscus-confined electrodeposition (MCED) advances microscale 3D metal printing, enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructureMicroscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices. Meniscus-confined electrodeposition (MCED) advances microscale 3D metal printing, enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing. However, accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging, which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging. In this work, we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting, voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures. Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control, this technique adopts a holistic strategy. It ensures each voxel's position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette's trajectory during deposition with the intended design, thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters. The method's ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles, high density, and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures, which are fabricated through layer-by-layer (voxel) printing, contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material's mechanical and electrical properties. Correspondingly, in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microcompression tests confirm this enhancement, showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa. The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa, which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED. The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was (1.95 ± 0.01) × 10−7 Ω·m, nearly 11 times that of bulk copper. These findings demonstrate the considerable advantage of this technique in fabricating complex metallic microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties, making it suitable for advanced applications in microsensors, microelectronics, and micro-electromechanical systems..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15102 (2025)
7-axis synchronization-integrated on-the-fly laser texturing system of freeform surface: design and development
Ma Wenqi, Zhang Jinmiao, Zhao Liang, Hu Zhenjiang, Zhao Xuesen, Sun Tao, and Zhang Junjie
While laser surface texturing (LST) is a promising manufacturing technique for surface functionalization, simultaneously realizing high precision and high efficiency in the LST of complex curved surface is challenging, due to continuously varied geometries of laser-matter incidence. In the present work, we propose a noWhile laser surface texturing (LST) is a promising manufacturing technique for surface functionalization, simultaneously realizing high precision and high efficiency in the LST of complex curved surface is challenging, due to continuously varied geometries of laser-matter incidence. In the present work, we propose a novel manufacturing system of 7-axis on-the-fly LST for complex curved surface, based on the integrated synchronization of 5-axis linkage motion platform with 2-axis galvanometer. Specifically, the algorithm for decomposing spatial texture trajectory on curved surface into low-frequency and high-frequency parts is established, based on which the kinematic model of synchronized 7-axis system is developed to derive the motion of each axis in both 5-axis linkage motion platform and 2-axis galvanometer simultaneously. Subsequently, the synchronized 7-axis LST system is experimentally realized, including the setup of mechanical stages integrated with optical path, the configuration of numerical control unit, and the development of processing software. Finally, case study of 7-axis on-the-fly LST of freeform aluminum surface is performed, and the advantages in terms of processing efficiency and texturing accuracy over 5-axis linkage LST are demonstrated. The correlation of reduced following errors between mechanical stages with the promoted performance of curved surface texturing by the 7-axis on-the-fly LST is further analyzed. Current work provides a feasible solution for establishing the manufacturing system for high performance LST of complex curved surface..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 07, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15103 (2025)
Electrochemical cutting with flexible electrode of controlled online deformation
Liu Lin, Xu Zhengyang, Hao Yuheng, and Teng Yunlong
Improvements in aero-engine performance have made the structures of the aero-engine components increasingly complex. To better adapt to the processing requirements of narrow twisted channels such as an integral shrouded blisk, this study proposes an innovative method of electrochemical cutting in which a flexible tube Improvements in aero-engine performance have made the structures of the aero-engine components increasingly complex. To better adapt to the processing requirements of narrow twisted channels such as an integral shrouded blisk, this study proposes an innovative method of electrochemical cutting in which a flexible tube electrode is controlled by online deformation during processing. In this study, the processing principle of electrochemical cutting with a flexible electrode for controlled online deformation (FECC) was revealed for the first time. The online deformation process of flexible electrodes and the machining process of profiles were analysed in depth, and the corresponding theoretical models were established. Conventional electrochemical machining (ECM) is a multi-physical field-coupled process involving electric and flow fields. In FECC, classical mechanics are introduced into the tool cathode, which must be loaded at all times during the machining process. Therefore, in this study, before and after the deformation of the flexible electrode, a corresponding simulation study was conducted to understand the influence of the online deformation of the flexible electrode on the flow and electric fields. The feasibility of flexible electrodes for online deformation and the validity of the theoretical model were verified by deformation measurements and in situ observation experiments. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the machining of nickel-based high-temperature alloys, and different specifications of flexible electrodes were used to complete the machining of the corresponding complex profiles, thereby verifying the feasibility and versatility of the method. The method proposed in this study breaks the tradition of using a non-deformable cathode for ECM and adopts a flexible electrode that can be deformed during the machining process as the tool cathode, which improves machining flexibility and provides a valuable reference to promote the ECM of complex profiles..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 08, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15104 (2025)
Towards atomic-scale smooth surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3 via highly efficient atmospheric plasma etching
Zhang Yongjie, Xiao Yuxi, Liang Jianwen, Zhang Chun, and Deng Hui
The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth -Ga2O3 surface is fairly challenging because -Ga2O3 is a typical difficult-to-machine material. In this study, a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching (PASE) is proposed to achieve the highly efficient, atomic-scale, and damagThe highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga2O3 surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga2O3 is a typical difficult-to-machine material. In this study, a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching (PASE) is proposed to achieve the highly efficient, atomic-scale, and damage-free polishing of β-Ga2O3. The plasma is excited through the inductive coupling principle and carbon tetrafluoride is utilized as the main reaction gas to etch β-Ga2O3. The core of PASE polishing of β-Ga2O3 is the remarkable lateral etching effect, which is ensured by both the intrinsic property of the surface and the extrinsic temperature condition. As revealed by density functional theory-based calculations, the intrinsic difference in the etching energy barrier of atoms at the step edge (2.36 eV) and in the terrace plane (4.37 eV) determines their difference in the etching rate, and their etching rate difference can be greatly enlarged by increasing the extrinsic temperature. The polishing of β-Ga2O3 based on the lateral etching effect is further verified in the etching experiments. The Sa roughness of β-Ga2O3 (001) substrate is reduced from 14.8 nm to 0.057 nm within 120 s, and the corresponding material removal rate reaches up to 20.96 μm·min−1. The polished β-Ga2O3 displays significantly improved crystalline quality and photoluminescence intensity, and the polishing effect of PASE is independent of the crystal face of β-Ga2O3. In addition, the competition between chemical etching and physical reconstruction, which is determined by temperature and greatly affects the surface state of β-Ga2O3, is deeply studied for the first time. These findings not only demonstrate the high-efficiency and high-quality polishing of β-Ga2O3 via atmospheric plasma etching but also hold significant implications for guiding future plasma-based surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 08, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15105 (2025)
Achieving precise graphenization of diamond coatings below the interfacial thermal stress threshold
Yan Bo, He Ning, Chen Ni, Weigold Matthias, Chen Huiwen, Sun Shuchen, Wu Yang, Fu Shiyang, Li Liang, and Abele Eberhard
Diamond coatings possess numerous excellent properties, making them desirable materials for high-performance surface applications. However, without a revolutionary surface modification method, the surface roughness and friction behavior of diamond coatings can impede their ability to meet the demanding requirements of Diamond coatings possess numerous excellent properties, making them desirable materials for high-performance surface applications. However, without a revolutionary surface modification method, the surface roughness and friction behavior of diamond coatings can impede their ability to meet the demanding requirements of advanced engineering surfaces. This study proposed the thermal stress control at coating interfaces and demonstrated a novel process of precise graphenization on conventional diamond coatings surface through laser induction and mechanical cleavage, without causing damage to the metal substrate. Through experiments and simulations, the influence mechanism of surface graphitization and interfacial thermal stress was elucidated, ultimately enabling rapid conversion of the diamond coating surface to graphene while controlling the coating's thickness and roughness. Compared to the original diamond coatings, the obtained surfaces exhibited a 63%–72% reduction in friction coefficients, all of which were below 0.1, with a minimum of 0.06, and a 59%–67% decrease in specific wear rates. Moreover, adhesive wear in the friction counterpart was significantly inhibited, resulting in a reduction in wear by 49%–83%. This demonstrated a significant improvement in lubrication and inhibition of mechanochemical wear properties. This study provides an effective and cost-efficient avenue to overcome the application bottleneck of engineered diamond surfaces, with the potential to significantly enhance the performance and expand the application range of diamond-coated components..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 14, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15106 (2025)
Bioengineered skin-substitutes incorporating rete-ridges using a bioprinting process
Chae SooJung, Jo SeoYul, Yoon Dogeon, Lee Ji-Seon, Kim WonJin, Lee JaeYoon, Park Ji-Hye, Kim You-rin, Chun Wook, and Kim GeunHyung
Bioprinting is a widely used technique for creating three-dimensional, complex, and heterogeneous artificial tissue constructs that are biologically and biophysically similar to natural tissues. The skin is composed of several layers including the epidermis, basement membrane (BM), and dermis. However, the unique undulBioprinting is a widely used technique for creating three-dimensional, complex, and heterogeneous artificial tissue constructs that are biologically and biophysically similar to natural tissues. The skin is composed of several layers including the epidermis, basement membrane (BM), and dermis. However, the unique undulating structure of basement membranes (i.e. rete ridges) and the function of BM have not been extensively studied in the fabrication of engineered skin substitutes. In this study, a novel engineered skin substitute incorporating an artificially designed rete ridge (i.e. mogul-shape) was developed using bioprinting and bioinks prepared using collagen and fibrinogen. To mimic the structure of the rete ridges of skin tissue, we developed a modified bioprinting technique, controlling rheological property of bioink to create a mogul-shaped layer. In vitro cellular activities, including the expression of specific genes (those encoding vimentin, laminin-5, collagen IV, and cytokeratins), demonstrated that the engineered skin substitute exhibited more potent cellular responses than the normally bioprinted control owing to the favorable biophysical BM structure and the bioink microenvironment. Additionally, the feasibility of utilizing the bioprinted skin-structure was evaluated in a mouse model, and in vivo results demonstrated that the bioprinted skin substitutes effectively promoted wound healing capabilities. Based on these results, we suggest that bioprinted skin tissues and the bioprinting technique for mimicking rete ridges can be used not only as potential lab-chip models for testing cosmetic materials and drugs, but also as complex physiological models for understanding human skin..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15501 (2025)
Ultra-compact on-chip camera based on optoelectronic compound eyes with nonuniform ommatidia
Zhu Lin, Liu Yu-Qing, Wan Jia-Yi, Sun Zhi-Juan, Han Dong-Dong, Chen Qi-Dai, and Zhang Yong-Lai
Compound eyes (CEs) that feature ultra-compact structures and extraordinary versatility have revealed great potential for cutting-edge applications. However, the optoelectronic integration of CEs with available photodetectors is still challenging because the planar charge-coupled device (CCD)/complementary metal oxide Compound eyes (CEs) that feature ultra-compact structures and extraordinary versatility have revealed great potential for cutting-edge applications. However, the optoelectronic integration of CEs with available photodetectors is still challenging because the planar charge-coupled device (CCD)/complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector cannot match the spatially distributed images formed by CE ommatidia. To reach this end, we report here the optoelectronic integration of CEs by manufacturing 3D nonuniform ommatidia for developing an ultra-compact on-chip camera. As a proof-of-concept, we fabricated microscale CEs with uniform and nonuniform ommatidia through femtosecond laser two-photon photopolymerization, and compared their focusing/imaging performance both theoretically and experimentally. By engineering the surface profiles of the ommatidia at different positions of the CE, the images formed by all the ommatidia can be tuned on a plane. In this way, the nonuniform CE can be directly integrated with a commercial CMOS photodetector, forming an ultra-compact CE camera. Additionally, we further combine the CE camera with a microfluidic chip, which can further serve as an on-chip microscopic monitoring system. We anticipate that such an ultra-compact CE camera may find broad applications in microfluidics, robotics, and micro-optics..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 06, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15502 (2025)
Fabrication of carbon nanotube neuromorphic thin film transistor arrays and their applications for flexible olfactory-visual multisensory synergy recognition
Sui Nianzi, Kang Kaixiang, Li Min, Zhang Dan, Li Benxiang, Shao Shuangshuang, Wang Hua, and Zhao Jianwen
Artificial multisensory devices play a key role in human-computer interaction in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In this work, we have designed and constructed a novel olfactory-visual bimodal neuromorphic carbon nanotube thin film transistor (TFT) arrays for artificial olfactory-visual multisensory synergy Artificial multisensory devices play a key role in human-computer interaction in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In this work, we have designed and constructed a novel olfactory-visual bimodal neuromorphic carbon nanotube thin film transistor (TFT) arrays for artificial olfactory-visual multisensory synergy recognition with a very low power consumption of 25 aJ for a single pulse, employing semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs) as channel materials and gas sensitive materials, and poly[[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c0]dithio-phene-1,3-diyl]] (PBDB-T) as the photosensitive material. It is noted that it is the first time to realize the simulation of olfactory and visual senses (from 280 nm to 650 nm) with the wide operating temperature range (0–150 °C) in a single SWCNT TFT device and successfully simulate the recovery of olfactory senses after COVID-19 by olfactory-visual synergy. Furthermore, our SWCNT neuromorphic TFT devices with a high IOn/IOff ratio (up to 106) at a low operating voltage (−2 to 0.5 V) can mimic not only the basic biological synaptic functions of olfaction and vision (such as paired-pulse facilitation, short-term plasticity, and long-term plasticity), but also optical wireless communication by Morse code. The proposed multisensory, broadband light-responsive, low-power synaptic devices provide great potential for developing AI robots to face complex external environments..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15503 (2025)
Multifunctional shape-memory smart window based on femtosecond-laser-printed photothermal microwalls
Chen Chao, Guo Sijia, Zhang Long, Yao Hao, Liu Bingrui, Zhang Chenchu, Zhang Yachao, Lao Zhaoxin, Wu Sizhu, and Wu Dong
Smart windows (SWs) garner significant potential in green buildings owing to their capability of on-demand tuning the solar gains. Apart from solar regulation, people always desire a type of slippery SW which can repel the surface hydrous contaminants for anti-fouling application. Unfortunately, the up-to-date slipperySmart windows (SWs) garner significant potential in green buildings owing to their capability of on-demand tuning the solar gains. Apart from solar regulation, people always desire a type of slippery SW which can repel the surface hydrous contaminants for anti-fouling application. Unfortunately, the up-to-date slippery SWs that respond to electrical/thermal stimuli have drawbacks of inferior durability and high energy-consumption, which greatly constrain their practical usability. This article presents our current work on an ultra-robust and energy-efficient near-infrared-responsive smart window (NIR-SW) which can regulate the optical transmittance and droplet's adhesion in synergy. Significantly, laser-printing strategy enables us to seed the shape-memory photothermal microwalls on a transparent substrate, which can promote daylighting while maintaining privacy by near-infrared (NIR) switching between being transparent and opaque. As a light manipulator, it turns transparent with NIR-activated erect microwalls like an open louver; however, it turns opaque with the pressure-fixed bent microwalls akin to a closed louver. Simultaneously, the droplets can easily slip on the surface of erect microwalls similar to a classical lotus effect; by contrast, the droplets will tightly pin on the surface of bent microwalls analogous to the prevalent rose effect. Owing to shape-memory effect, this optical/wettability regulation is thus reversible and reconfigurable in response to the alternate NIR/pressure trigger. Moreover, NIR-SW unfolds a superior longevity despite suffering from the raindrop's impacting more than 10 000 cycles. Remarkably, such a new-type SW is competent for thermal management, anti-icing system, peep-proof screen, and programmable optics. This work renders impetus for the researchers striving for self-cleaning intelligent windows, energy-efficient greenhouse, and so forth..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15504 (2025)
Constructing high-performance and versatile liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator with inflatable columnar units
Luo Lin, Liu Chao, Gu Rui, Chen Mingxia, Wang Yifei, Xu Nuo, Xiong Yao, Yang Jiahong, Huo Ziwei, Liu Yang, Wei Liang, Wang Zhong Lin, and Sun Qijun
The use of water resources for energy generation has become increasingly prevalent, encompassing the conversion of kinetic energy from streams, tides, and waves into renewable electrical power. Water energy sources offer numerous benefits, including widespread availability, stability, and the absence of carbon dioxide The use of water resources for energy generation has become increasingly prevalent, encompassing the conversion of kinetic energy from streams, tides, and waves into renewable electrical power. Water energy sources offer numerous benefits, including widespread availability, stability, and the absence of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, making them a clean and environmentally friendly form of energy. In this work, we develop a droplet-based liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator (LS-TENG) using sophisticatedly designed inflatable columnar structures with inner and outer dual-electrodes. This device can be utilized to harvest both the internal droplet-rolling mechanical energy and the external droplet-falling mechanical energy, capable of being assembled into various structures for versatile applications. The design incorporates a combined structure of both internal and external TENG to optimize output performance via multiple energy harvesting strategies. The internal structure features a dual-electrode columnar-shaped LS-TENG, designed to harvest fluid kinetic energy from water droplets. By leveraging the back-and-forth motion of a small amount of water within the air column, mechanical energy can be readily collected, achieving a maximum mass power density of 9.02 W·Kg−1 and an energy conversion efficiency of 10.358%. The external component is a droplet-based LS-TENG, which utilizes a double-layer capacitor switch effect elucidated with an equivalent circuit model. Remarkably, without the need for pre-charging, a single droplet can generate over 140 V of high voltage, achieving a maximum power density of 7.35 W·m−2 and an energy conversion efficiency of 22.058%. The combined LS-TENG with a sophisticated inflatable columnar structure can simultaneously collect multiple types of energy with high efficacy, exhibiting great significance in potential applications such as TENG aeration rollers, inflatable lifejacket, wind energy harvesting, TENG tents, and green houses..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 21, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15505 (2025)
Multifunctional and reprogrammable 4D pixel mechanical metamaterials
Xin Xiaozhou, Lin Cheng, Li Bingxun, Zhang Ruikang, Zeng Chengjun, Liu Liwu, Liu Yanju, and Leng Jinsong
Metamaterials have exotic physical properties that rely on the construction of their underlying architecture. However, the physical properties of conventional mechanical metamaterials are permanently programmed into their periodic interconnect configurations, resulting in their lack of modularity, scalable fabrication,Metamaterials have exotic physical properties that rely on the construction of their underlying architecture. However, the physical properties of conventional mechanical metamaterials are permanently programmed into their periodic interconnect configurations, resulting in their lack of modularity, scalable fabrication, and programmability. Mechanical metamaterials typically exhibit a single extraordinary mechanical property or multiple extraordinary properties coupled together, making it difficult to realize multiple independent extraordinary mechanical properties. Here, the pixel mechanics metamaterials (PMMs) with multifunctional and reprogrammable properties are developed by arraying uncoupled constrained individual modular mechanics pixels (MPs). The MPs enable controlled conversion between two extraordinary mechanical properties (multistability and compression-torsion coupling deformation). Each MP exhibits 32 independent and reversible room temperature programming configurations. In addition, the programmability of metamaterials is further enhanced by shape memory polymer (SMP) and 4D printing, greatly enriching the design freedom. For the PMM consisting of m × n MPs, it has 32(m × n) independent room temperature programming configurations. The application prospects of metamaterials in the vibration isolation device and energy absorption device with programmable performance have been demonstrated. The vibration isolation frequencies of the MP before and after programming were [0 Hz–5.86 Hz],[0 Hz–13.67 Hz and 306.64 Hz–365.23 Hz]. The total energy absorption of the developed PMM can be adjusted controllably in the range of 1.01 J–3.91 J. Six standard digital logic gates that do not require sustained external force are designed by controlling the closure between the modules. This design paradigm will facilitate the further development of multifunctional and reprogrammable metamaterials..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 14, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15506 (2025)
3D bioprinted chondrogenic gelatin methacrylate-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate composite scaffolds for intervertebral disc restoration
Potes Maria D Astudillo, Tilton Maryam, Mitra Indranath, Liu Xifeng, Dashtdar Babak, Camilleri Emily T, Elder Benjamin D, and Lu Lichun
Degenerative spine pathologies, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, present a significant healthcare challenge due to their association with chronic pain and disability. This study explores an innovative approach to IVD regeneration utilizing 3D bioprinting technology, specifically visible light-based digDegenerative spine pathologies, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, present a significant healthcare challenge due to their association with chronic pain and disability. This study explores an innovative approach to IVD regeneration utilizing 3D bioprinting technology, specifically visible light-based digital light processing, to fabricate tissue scaffolds that closely mimic the native architecture of the IVD. Utilizing a hybrid bioink composed of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) at a 10% concentration, we achieved enhanced printing fidelity and mechanical properties suitable for load-bearing applications such as the IVD. Preconditioning rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids with chondrogenic media before incorporating them into the GelMA-PEGDA scaffold further promoted the regenerative capabilities of this system. Our findings demonstrate that this bioprinted scaffold not only supports cell viability and integration but also contributes to the restoration of disc height in a rat caudal disc model without inducing adverse inflammatory responses. The study underscores the potential of combining advanced bioprinting techniques and cell preconditioning strategies to develop effective treatments for IVD degeneration and other musculoskeletal disorders, highlighting the need for further research into the dynamic interplay between cellular migration and the hydrogel matrix..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 19, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15507 (2025)
Quasi-visualizable detection of deep sub-wavelength defects in patterned wafers by breaking the optical form birefringence
Liu Jiamin, Zhu Jinlong, Yu Zhe, Feng Xianrui, Li Zedi, Zhong Lei, Zhang Jinsong, Gu Honggang, Chen Xiuguo, Jiang Hao, and Liu Shiyuan
In integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing, fast, nondestructive, and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers, realized by bright-field microscopy, is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips. With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink, directIn integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing, fast, nondestructive, and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers, realized by bright-field microscopy, is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips. With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink, directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier, the weak scattering effect, and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology. Herein, we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure, which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution. The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes, such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves, then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images. We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy. On this basis, an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed, stabilizing the classification accuracy of λ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%. The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network's input, which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results. This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks, which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 15601 (2025)
Topical Review
Fabrication and development of mechanical metamaterials via additive manufacturing for biomedical applications: a review
Chen Junsheng, Chen Jibing, Wang Hongze, He Liang, Huang Boyang, Dadbakhsh Sasan, and Bartolo Paulo
In this review, we propose a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and design possibilities in manufacturing metamaterials for various applications in the biomedical field, of which many are inspired by nature itself. It describes how new AM technologies (e.g. continuous liquid interface prIn this review, we propose a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and design possibilities in manufacturing metamaterials for various applications in the biomedical field, of which many are inspired by nature itself. It describes how new AM technologies (e.g. continuous liquid interface production and multiphoton polymerization, etc) and recent developments in more mature AM technologies (e.g. powder bed fusion, stereolithography, and extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB), etc) lead to more precise, efficient, and personalized biomedical components. EBB is a revolutionary topic creating intricate models with remarkable mechanical compatibility of metamaterials, for instance, stress elimination for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, negative or zero Poisson's ratio. By exploiting the designs of porous structures (e.g. truss, triply periodic minimal surface, plant/animal-inspired, and functionally graded lattices, etc), AM-made bioactive bone implants, artificial tissues, and organs are made for tissue replacement. The material palette of the AM metamaterials has high diversity nowadays, ranging from alloys and metals (e.g. cobalt–chromium alloys and titanium, etc) to polymers (e.g. biodegradable polycaprolactone and polymethyl methacrylate, etc), which could be even integrated within bioactive ceramics. These advancements are driving the progress of the biomedical field, improving human health and quality of life..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12001 (2025)
Nano device fabrication for in-memory and in-sensor reservoir computing
Lin Yinan, Chen Xi, Zhang Qianyu, You Junqi, Xu Renjing, Wang Zhongrui, and Sun Linfeng
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have proven to be indispensable for processing sequential and temporal data, with extensive applications in language modeling, text generation, machine translation, and time-series forecasting. Despite their versatility, RNNs are frequently beset by significant training expenses and sloRecurrent neural networks (RNNs) have proven to be indispensable for processing sequential and temporal data, with extensive applications in language modeling, text generation, machine translation, and time-series forecasting. Despite their versatility, RNNs are frequently beset by significant training expenses and slow convergence times, which impinge upon their deployment in edge AI applications. Reservoir computing (RC), a specialized RNN variant, is attracting increased attention as a cost-effective alternative for processing temporal and sequential data at the edge. RC's distinctive advantage stems from its compatibility with emerging memristive hardware, which leverages the energy efficiency and reduced footprint of analog in-memory and in-sensor computing, offering a streamlined and energy-efficient solution. This review offers a comprehensive explanation of RC's underlying principles, fabrication processes, and surveys recent progress in nano-memristive device based RC systems from the viewpoints of in-memory and in-sensor RC function. It covers a spectrum of memristive device, from established oxide-based memristive device to cutting-edge material science developments, providing readers with a lucid understanding of RC's hardware implementation and fostering innovative designs for in-sensor RC systems. Lastly, we identify prevailing challenges and suggest viable solutions, paving the way for future advancements in in-sensor RC technology..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 05, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12002 (2025)
Artificial hearing systems based on functional cochlea models
Chang Jinke, Clark Sita Tarini, Roberts Iwan, Hrncirik Filip, Zhang Zhipeng, and Bance Manohar
The cochlea is one of the most complex organs in the human body, exhibiting a complex interplay of characteristics in acoustic, mechanical, electrical, and biological functions. Functional cochlea models are an essential platform for studying hearing mechanics and are crucial for developing next-generation auditory proThe cochlea is one of the most complex organs in the human body, exhibiting a complex interplay of characteristics in acoustic, mechanical, electrical, and biological functions. Functional cochlea models are an essential platform for studying hearing mechanics and are crucial for developing next-generation auditory prostheses and artificial hearing systems for sensorineural hearing restoration. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, organ-on-a-chip models, drug delivery platforms, and artificial intelligence have provided valuable insights into how to manufacture artificial cochlea models that more accurately replicate the complex anatomy and physiology of the inner ear. This paper reviews recent advancements in the applications of advanced manufacturing techniques in reproducing the physical, biological, and intelligent functions of the cochlea. It also outlines the current challenges to developing mechanically, electrically, and anatomically accurate functional models of the inner ear. Finally, this review identifies the major requirements and outlook for impactful research in this field going forward. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, these functional cochlea models are poised to drive significant advancements in hearing treatments, and ultimately enhance the quality of life for individuals with hearing loss..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 07, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12003 (2025)
A review for design, mechanism, fabrication, and application of magnetically responsive microstructured functional surface
Wang Jian, Song Xingyi, Wang Chaochao, Zhou Yumei, Chen Ri, Yang Yong, Liu Bin, Zheng Yihao, Li Hui, Zhou Wei, and Jiang Lelun
Magnetically responsive microstructured functional surface (MRMFS), capable of dynamically and reversibly switching the surface topography under magnetic actuation, provides a wireless, noninvasive, and instantaneous way to accurately control the microscale engineered surface. In the last decade, many studies have beenMagnetically responsive microstructured functional surface (MRMFS), capable of dynamically and reversibly switching the surface topography under magnetic actuation, provides a wireless, noninvasive, and instantaneous way to accurately control the microscale engineered surface. In the last decade, many studies have been conducted to design and optimize MRMFSs for diverse applications, and significant progress has been accomplished. This review comprehensively presents recent advancements and the potential prospects in MRMFSs. We first classify MRMFSs into one-dimensional linear array MRMFSs, two-dimensional planar array MRMFSs, and dynamic self-assembly MRMFSs based on their morphology. Subsequently, an overview of three deformation mechanisms, including magnetically actuated bending deformation, magnetically driven rotational deformation, and magnetically induced self-assembly deformation, are provided. Four main fabrication strategies employed to create MRMFSs are summarized, including replica molding, magnetization-induced self-assembly, laser cutting, and ferrofluid-infused method. Furthermore, the applications of MRMFS in droplet manipulation, solid transport, information encryption, light manipulation, triboelectric nanogenerators, and soft robotics are presented. Finally, the challenges that limit the practical applications of MRMFSs are discussed, and the future development of MRMFSs is proposed..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 07, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12004 (2025)
Manufacture and applications of GaN-based piezotronic and piezo-phototronic devices
Niu Jianan, Wang Jiangwen, Sha Wei, Long Yong, Ma Bei, and Hu Weiguo
Driven by the urgent demands for information technology, energy, and intelligent industry, third-generation semiconductor GaN has emerged as a pivotal component in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Fundamentally, piezoelectric polarization is the most essential feature of GaN materials. Incorporating piezotronics Driven by the urgent demands for information technology, energy, and intelligent industry, third-generation semiconductor GaN has emerged as a pivotal component in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Fundamentally, piezoelectric polarization is the most essential feature of GaN materials. Incorporating piezotronics and piezo-phototronics, GaN materials synergize mechanical signals with electrical and optical signals, thereby achieving multi-field coupling that enhances device performance. Piezotronics regulates the carrier transport process in micro–nano devices, which has been proven to significantly improve the performance of devices (such as high electron mobility transistors and microLEDs) and brings many novel applications. This review examines GaN material properties and the theoretical foundations of piezotronics and phototronics. Furthermore, it delves into the fabrication and integration processes of GaN devices to achieve state-of-the-art performance. Additionally, this review analyzes the impact of introducing three-dimensional stress and regulatory forces on the electrical and optical output performance of devices. Moreover, it discusses the burgeoning applications of GaN devices in neural sensing, optoelectronic output, and energy harvesting. The potential of piezotronic-controlled GaN devices provides valuable insights for future research and the development of multi-functional, diversified electronic devices..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 08, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12005 (2025)
Manufacturing strategies for highly sensitive and self-powered piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors
Park Hyosik, Gbadam Gerald Selasie, Niu Simiao, Ryu Hanjun, and Lee Ju-Hyuck
Piezoelectric and triboelectric effects are of growing interest for facilitating high-sensitivity and self-powered tactile sensor applications. The working principles of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators provide strategies for enhancing output voltage signals to achieve high sensitivity. Increasing the piePiezoelectric and triboelectric effects are of growing interest for facilitating high-sensitivity and self-powered tactile sensor applications. The working principles of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators provide strategies for enhancing output voltage signals to achieve high sensitivity. Increasing the piezoelectric constant and surface triboelectric charge density are key factors in this enhancement. Methods such as annealing processes, doping techniques, grain orientation controls, crystallinity controls, and composite structures can effectively enhance the piezoelectric constant. For increasing triboelectric output, surface plasma treatment, charge injection, microstructuring, control of dielectric constant, and structural modification are effective methods. The fabrication methods present significant opportunities in tactile sensor applications. This review article summarizes the overall piezoelectric and triboelectric fabrication processes from materials to device aspects. It highlights applications in pressure, touch, bending, texture, distance, and material recognition sensors. The conclusion section addresses challenges and research opportunities, such as limited flexibility, stretchability, decoupling from multi-stimuli, multifunctional sensors, and data processing..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 11, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12006 (2025)
Advances of triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators toward continuous monitoring and multimodal applications in the new era
Hong Jianlong, Wei Xiao, Zhang Huiyun, Xiao Yukun, Meng Chongguang, Chen Yuqi, Li Jiahui, Li Ling, Lee Sanghoon, Shi Qiongfeng, and Wu Jun
Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse, triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators (TENG & PENG) have attracted considerably increasing attention. Their outstanding characteristics, such as self-powered ability, high output performance, integratioBenefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse, triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators (TENG & PENG) have attracted considerably increasing attention. Their outstanding characteristics, such as self-powered ability, high output performance, integration compatibility, cost-effectiveness, simple configurations, and versatile operation modes, could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable, implantable, and environmental devices, eventually achieving self-sustainable, maintenance-free, and reliable systems. However, current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active (i.e. self-powered) sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output. This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges, with detailed discussions on the challenge origins, designing strategies, device performance, and corresponding diverse applications. Finally, conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided, proposing the necessity of future research development in this field..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 12, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12007 (2025)
Advanced multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic printing: mechanism, processing, and diverse applications at micro/nano-scale
Li Yin, Zhang Guangming, Zhang Jinrun, Song Daosen, Guo Chenxu, Zhou Wei, Fu Zhiguo, Zhu Xiaoyang, Wang Fei, Duan Yongqing, Dong Jingyan, and Lan Hongbo
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing represents a novel micro/nano-scale additive manufacturing process that utilises a high-voltage induced electric field between the nozzle and the substrate to print micro/nanoscale structures. EHD printing is particularly advantageous for the fabrication on flexible or non-flat suElectrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing represents a novel micro/nano-scale additive manufacturing process that utilises a high-voltage induced electric field between the nozzle and the substrate to print micro/nanoscale structures. EHD printing is particularly advantageous for the fabrication on flexible or non-flat substrates and of large aspect ratio micro/nanostructures and composite multi-material structures. Despite this, EHD printing has yet to be fully industrialised due to its low throughput, which is primarily caused by the limitations of serial additive printing technology. The parallel multi-nozzle array-based process has become the most promising option for EHD printing to achieve large-scale printing by increasing the number of nozzles to realise multichannel parallel printing. This paper reviews the recent development of multi-nozzle EHD printing technology, analyses jet motion with multi-nozzle, explains the origins of the electric field crosstalk effect under multi-nozzle and discusses several widely used methods for overcoming it. This work also summarises the impact of different process parameters on multi-nozzle EHD printing and describes the current manufacturing process using multi-nozzle as well as the method by which they can be realised independently. In addition, it presents an additional significant utilisation of multi-nozzle printing aside from enhancing single-nozzle production efficiency, which is the production of composite phase change materials through multi-nozzle. Finally, the future direction of multi-nozzle EHD printing development is discussed and envisioned..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 13, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12008 (2025)
Advancements in 3D skin bioprinting: processes, bioinks, applications and sensor integration
Derman I Deniz, Rivera Taino, Cerda Laura Garriga, Singh Yogendra Pratap, Saini Shweta, Abaci Hasan Erbil, and Ozbolat Ibrahim T
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted landscape of skin bioprinting, revolutionizing dermatological research. The applications of skin bioprinting utilizing techniques like extrusion-, droplet-, laser- and light-based methods, with specialized bioinks for skin biofabrication have been critically reviewed This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted landscape of skin bioprinting, revolutionizing dermatological research. The applications of skin bioprinting utilizing techniques like extrusion-, droplet-, laser- and light-based methods, with specialized bioinks for skin biofabrication have been critically reviewed along with the intricate aspects of bioprinting hair follicles, sweat glands, and achieving skin pigmentation. Challenges remain with the need for vascularization, safety concerns, and the integration of automated processes for effective clinical translation. The review further investigates the incorporation of biosensor technologies, emphasizing their role in monitoring and enhancing the wound healing process. While highlighting the remarkable progress in the field, critical limitations and concerns are critically examined to provide a balanced perspective. This synthesis aims to guide scientists, engineers, and healthcare providers, fostering a deeper understanding of the current state, challenges, and future directions in skin bioprinting for transformative applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 19, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12009 (2025)
Materials, processes, devices and applications of magnetoresistive random access memory
Yang Meiyin, Cui Yan, Chen Jingsheng, and Luo Jun
Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution, particularly in cache functions within circuits. Although MRAM has achieved mass production, its manufacturing process still remains challenginMagnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution, particularly in cache functions within circuits. Although MRAM has achieved mass production, its manufacturing process still remains challenging, resulting in only a few semiconductor companies dominating its production. In this review, we delve into the materials, processes, and devices used in MRAM, focusing on both the widely adopted spin transfer torque MRAM and the next-generation spin-orbit torque MRAM. We provide an overview of their operational mechanisms and manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, we outline the major hurdles faced in MRAM manufacturing and propose potential solutions in detail. Then, the applications of MRAM in artificial intelligent hardware are introduced. Finally, we present an outlook on the future development and applications of MRAM..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 21, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12010 (2025)
Self-powered flexible sensors: from fundamental mechanisms toward diverse applications
Chen Jingjing, Zhang Jiangshan, Xu Nuo, Chen Mengmeng, Lee Ju-Hyuck, Wang Yu, Sun Qijun, Liu Baolin, and Gao Zhixian
Today, energy is essential for every aspect of human life, including clothing, food, housing and transportation. However, traditional energy resources are insufficient to meet our modern needs. Self-powered sensing devices emerge as promising alternatives, offering sustained operation without relying on external power Today, energy is essential for every aspect of human life, including clothing, food, housing and transportation. However, traditional energy resources are insufficient to meet our modern needs. Self-powered sensing devices emerge as promising alternatives, offering sustained operation without relying on external power sources. Leveraging advancements in materials and manufacturing research, these devices can autonomously harvest energy from various sources. In this review, we focus on the current landscape of self-powered wearable sensors, providing a concise overview of energy harvesting technologies, conversion mechanisms, structural or material innovations, and energy storage platforms. Then, we present experimental advances in different energy sources, showing their underlying mechanisms, and the potential for energy acquisition. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of self-powered flexible sensors in diverse fields such as medicine, sports, and food. Despite significant progress in this field, widespread commercialization will necessitate enhanced sensor detection abilities, improved design factors for adaptable devices, and a balance between sensitivity and standardization..
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Publication Date: Nov. 22, 2024
- Vol. 7, Issue 1, 12011 (2025)
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