Fourier ptychography (FP) is an advanced computational imaging technique that offers high resolution and a large field of view for microscopy. By illuminating the sample at varied angles in a microscope setup, FP performs phase retrieval and synthetic aperture construction without the need for interferometry. Extending its utility, FP’s principles can be adeptly applied to far-field scenarios, enabling super-resolution remote sensing through camera scanning. However, a critical prerequisite for successful FP reconstruction is the need for data redundancy in the Fourier domain, which necessitates dozens or hundreds of raw images to achieve a converged solution. Here, we introduce a macroscopic Fourier ptychographic imaging system with high temporal resolution, termed illumination-multiplexed snapshot synthetic aperture imaging (IMSS-SAI). In IMSS-SAI, we employ a 5×5 monochromatic camera array to acquire low-resolution object images under three-wavelength illuminations, facilitating the capture of a high spatial-bandwidth product ptychogram dataset in a snapshot. By employing a state-multiplexed ptychographic algorithm in IMSS-SAI, we effectively separate distinct coherent states from their incoherent summations, enhancing the Fourier spectrum overlap for ptychographic reconstruction. We validate the snapshot capability by imaging both dynamic events and static targets. The experimental results demonstrate that IMSS-SAI achieves a fourfold resolution enhancement in a single shot, whereas conventional macroscopic FP requires hundreds of consecutive image recordings. The proposed IMSS-SAI system enables resolution enhancement within the speed limit of a camera, facilitating real-time imaging of macroscopic targets with diffuse reflectance properties.