Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Haijun WANG; Bin ZHANG; Yaolin LIU; Yanfang LIU; Shan XU; Yuntai ZHAO; Yuchen CHEN; Song HONG

doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1729-4

Journals >Journal of Geographical Sciences >Volume 30 >Issue 2 >Page 297 > Article

Journal of Geographical Sciences
Vol. 30, Issue 2, 297 (2020)

Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Haijun WANG^1、2, Bin ZHANG¹, Yaolin LIU^1、2、3, Yanfang LIU^1、2、3, Shan XU^4、*, Yuntai ZHAO⁵, Yuchen CHEN⁵, and Song HONG¹

Author Affiliations

¹. School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

². Key Laboratories of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

³. Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

⁴. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101; China

⁵. China Land Survey and Planning Institute, Beijing 100035, China

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DOI: 10.1007/s11442-020-1729-4 Cite this Article

Haijun WANG, Bin ZHANG, Yaolin LIU, Yanfang LIU, Shan XU, Yuntai ZHAO, Yuchen CHEN, Song HONG. Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(2): 297 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Urban land expansion in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 2. The spatial characteristics of the urban expansion differentiation index in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 3. The barycenter coordinate migration of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 4. The change of intensity of the urban expansion driving forces in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 5. The change of the urban expansion differentiation driving forces in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 6. The change of the urban shape driving forces in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Fig. 7. The change of the land urbanization driving forces in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Index	Variable	Unit	Index	Variable	Unit
Population	X1	10⁴ people	Gross agricultural output value	X12	10⁸ yuan
Number of year-end social workers	X2	10⁴ people	Railway freight volume	X13	10⁴ tons
GDP	X3	10⁸ yuan	Road freight volume	X14	10⁴ tons
The first industrial output value	X4	10⁸ yuan	Railway passenger traffic	X15	10⁴ people
Secondary industrial output value	X5	10⁸ yuan	Highway passenger traffic	X16	10⁴ people
Tertiary industrial output value	X6	10⁸ yuan	Colleges and universities	X17	1
Total fixed asset investment	X7	10⁸ yuan	College and university students	X18	10⁴ people
Total retail sales of social consumer goods	X8	10⁸ yuan	Primary school students	X19	10⁴ people
Financial revenue	X9	10⁸ yuan	Hospital	X20	1
Financial expenditure	X10	10⁸ yuan	Health technicians	X21	10⁴ people
Gross industrial output value	X11	10⁸ yuan	Hospital beds	X22	10⁴ beds

Table 1.

The driving factors of urban expansion

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Category	Principal component	Composition of principal component	The dominant direction
Staged index	F1	X3, X8, X9	Economy
	F2	X7, X10	Investment development
	F3	X1, X19, X21	Population and education
	F4	X4, X12	The first industry
	F5	X16, X1	Population flow
	F6	X20	Medical and health
	F7	X15	Transportation
Continuity index	F1	X3, X11, X18, X22	Socio-economic development
	F2	X7, X10	Investment development
	F3	X4, X12	The first industry
	F4	X13, X16	Transportation

Table 2.

The dominant factors of principal components of driving factors

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	1990-1995	1995-2000	2000-2005	2005-2010	2010-2015	1990-2015
Beijing	0.255	0.020	0.037	0.015	0.051	0.121
Tianjin	0.042	0.013	0.076	0.080	0.006	0.063
Shijiazhuang	0.129	0.046	0.016	0.235	0.009	0.158
Tangshan	0.143	0.008	0.034	0.084	0.056	0.112
Qinhuangdao	0.082	0.031	0.071	0.073	0.053	0.112
Handan	0.030	0.046	0.045	0.189	0.071	0.143
Xingtai	0.136	0.031	0.044	0.147	0.052	0.168
Baoding	0.179	0.061	0.041	0.060	0.028	0.136
Zhangjiakou	0.090	0.003	0.026	0.104	0.035	0.078
Chengde	0.125	0.006	0.014	0.147	0.024	0.099
Cangzhou	0.183	0.036	0.011	0.054	0.017	0.092
Langfang	0.305	0.022	0.062	0.138	0.031	0.247
Hengshui	0.123	0.073	0.031	0.104	0.046	0.151

Table 3.

The intensity index of the urban expansion in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
Beijing	1.252	1.245	1.250	1.257	1.267	1.251
Tianjin	1.236	1.242	1.244	1.267	1.263	1.263
Shijiazhuang	1.208	1.184	1.196	1.204	1.193	1.198
Tangshan	1.165	1.202	1.202	1.199	1.188	1.177
Qinhuangdao	1.193	1.204	1.204	1.189	1.196	1.206
Handan	1.137	1.141	1.137	1.130	1.243	1.241
Xingtai	1.135	1.124	1.126	1.167	1.192	1.186
Baoding	1.141	1.200	1.189	1.210	1.192	1.185
Zhangjiakou	1.163	1.175	1.179	1.174	1.163	1.195
Chengde	1.209	1.220	1.221	1.221	1.267	1.267
Cangzhou	1.155	1.132	1.147	1.150	1.163	1.159
Langfang	1.124	1.146	1.133	1.145	1.140	1.164
Hengshui	1.158	1.124	1.142	1.164	1.166	1.181

Table 4.

The fractal dimension index of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
Beijing	0.330	0.501	0.540	0.541	0.550	0.691
Tianjin	0.271	0.283	0.334	0.379	0.435	0.448
Shijiazhuang	0.158	0.204	0.247	0.257	0.355	0.371
Tangshan	0.089	0.149	0.152	0.168	0.187	0.240
Qinhuangdao	0.187	0.229	0.276	0.337	0.337	0.426
Handan	0.143	0.163	0.154	0.176	0.255	0.346
Xingtai	0.082	0.117	0.128	0.150	0.173	0.218
Baoding	0.083	0.128	0.165	0.190	0.170	0.194
Zhangjiakou	0.120	0.157	0.170	0.186	0.172	0.201
Chengde	0.195	0.262	0.318	0.327	0.221	0.248
Cangzhou	0.068	0.101	0.116	0.121	0.182	0.198
Langfang	0.084	0.153	0.192	0.235	0.322	0.372
Hengshui	0.068	0.117	0.128	0.145	0.184	0.227

Table 5.

The land urbanization rate of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration

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Index	Intensity	Differentiation	Urbanization	The fractal dimension index
Year		1990-2015		1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
Beijing/Tianjin	Population	Medical and health	Socio-economic development	Socio-economic development
Shijia- zhuang				Socio-econo-mic development	Investment development				Transpor-tation
Tangshan				Investment development		Socio-economic development
Qinhuangdao				Investment development				Socio-economic development	Transpor-tation
Handan				Socio-econo-mic development	Investment development
Xingtai				Socio-economic development			The first industry	Investment development
Baoding				Socio-economic development	Investment development		Socio-economic development
Zhang-jiakou				Investment development				The first industry	Transportation
Chengde				Transportation		The first industry	Transportation
Cangzhou/Langfang/Hengshui				Socio-economic development