An experimental study was conducted on reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened using three methods, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) jacketing, textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jacketing, and textile reinforced ultra-high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) jacketing, under horizontal cyclic loading at different shear span ratios. The study investigated the failure mechanisms and seismic strengthening effects of these strengthening methods. The experimental results reveal that TRU- and TRM- jacketed columns show vertical main cracks at the corners and bending main cracks at the column base, with the TRU jacketing demonstrating better overall integrity than the TRM jacketing. At lower shear span ratios, diagonal cracks in TRU jacketing were significantly less severe than those in TRM ones. In contrast, the CFRP jacketed columns show bending cracks in the plastic hinge region when the shear span ratio exceeded 2.58. While all three strengthening methods provided only modest improvements, they significantly enhanced horizontal deformation capacity and ductility, by up to 100%, and improved energy dissipation capacity by 1.7 to 4.0 times. Among the three strengthening methods, the enhancement in deformation and energy dissipation capacities follow the order of CFRP>TRU> TRM.