Light field microscopy can obtain the light field’s spatial distribution and propagation direction, offering new perspectives for biological research. However, microlens array-based light field microscopy sacrifices spatial resolution for angular resolution, while aperture-coding-based light field microscopy sacrifices temporal resolution for angular resolution. In this study, we propose a differential high-speed aperture-coding light field microscopy for dynamic sample observation. Our method employs a high-speed spatial light modulator (SLM) and a high-speed camera to accelerate the coding and image acquisition rate. Additionally, our method employs an undersampling strategy to further enhance the temporal resolution without compromising the depth of field (DOF) of results in light field imaging, and no iterative optimization is needed in the reconstruction process. By incorporating a differential aperture-coding mechanism, we effectively reduce the direct current (DC) background, enhancing the reconstructed images’ contrast. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can capture the dynamics of biological samples in volumes of 41 Hz, with an SLM refresh rate of 1340 Hz and a camera frame rate of 1340 frame/s, using an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.3 and a magnification of 10. Our approach paves the way for achieving high spatial resolution and high contrast volumetric imaging of dynamic samples.