In the field of optical fiber communication，the asynchronism of carrier frequency will cause the data transmission to the terminal cannot be demodulated. To achieve the stable transmission of carrier frequency signal on optical fiber，an adaptive phase compensation system is designed in this paper. The system combines analog circuit and digital signal processing technology，uses signal frequency division，mixing and other means to change the two-way phase jitter introduced in the process of signal round-trip transmission into single-way phase jitter，and uses a single analog phase shift for pre-compensation. By introducing PID control algorithm，the phase shift voltage is regulated accurately，and the accuracy and stability of the system compensation are improved. The influence of ambient temperature on the link delay is analyzed，and the phase drift of the remote signal after compensation is compared with that in the free transmission state. The results show that the link delay jitter is stable within 15 ps，and the long-term stability of the remote signal reaches 6.9× 10-19/104 s. The performance of the adaptive phase compensation system at different distances is compared with the same temperature change model. The results show that the scheme can reach steady state within 30 s of warming up and realize effective compensation. The system supports the technology of long distance optical fiber frequency transmission.