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Optical and Photonic Materials|122 Article(s)
High-resolution multilevel reversible color printing based on Sb2S3 phase change materials
Zhiwei Li, Tao Wei, Lihao Sun, Jing Hu, Miao Cheng, Qianqian Liu, Ruirui Wang, Yun Ling, Wanfei Li, and Bo Liu
Phase change material is promising for a color-changing device owing to its substantial optical contrast between amorphous and crystalline states. However, current phase change material, such as Ge2Sb2Te5 thin film, has restrained the color-changing performance owing to its high optical absorption. Sb2S3 thin film, exhibiting large refractive index difference and low absorption between crystalline and amorphous states, is a promising alternative. Here, a color device with Al/Sb2S3/SiO2-stacking layer is prepared, and high-resolution, multilevel, reversible color printing is realized. Wide color gamut is successfully obtained by controlling either the Sb2S3 thickness or its crystallization degree. Furthermore, the proposed color device can be patterned by direct laser writing and erased by a picosecond laser system, possessing good reversible cycling stability. High-resolution pixel higher than 42,000 DPI is further implemented. Moreover, a flexible color device is also fabricated, which possesses superior angular insensitivity from 10° to 60° and is hardly faded after bending and folding 10 times. This work may have wide applications in the fields of color printing, flexible displays, wearable optoelectronic devices, and so forth. Phase change material is promising for a color-changing device owing to its substantial optical contrast between amorphous and crystalline states. However, current phase change material, such as Ge2Sb2Te5 thin film, has restrained the color-changing performance owing to its high optical absorption. Sb2S3 thin film, exhibiting large refractive index difference and low absorption between crystalline and amorphous states, is a promising alternative. Here, a color device with Al/Sb2S3/SiO2-stacking layer is prepared, and high-resolution, multilevel, reversible color printing is realized. Wide color gamut is successfully obtained by controlling either the Sb2S3 thickness or its crystallization degree. Furthermore, the proposed color device can be patterned by direct laser writing and erased by a picosecond laser system, possessing good reversible cycling stability. High-resolution pixel higher than 42,000 DPI is further implemented. Moreover, a flexible color device is also fabricated, which possesses superior angular insensitivity from 10° to 60° and is hardly faded after bending and folding 10 times. This work may have wide applications in the fields of color printing, flexible displays, wearable optoelectronic devices, and so forth.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Feb. 25, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 3, 661 (2025)
Amplified spontaneous emission and photoresponse characteristics in highly defect tolerant CsPbClxBr3−x crystal
Longxing Su, Bingheng Meng, Heng Li, Zhuo Yu, Yuan Zhu, and Rui Chen
All inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 with excellent optical properties and a tunable bandgap is a potential candidate for optoelectronic applications, and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is normally reported in low-dimensional structures where the quantum confinement enhances ASE. Herein, we not only demonstrate the ASE in millimeter size CsPbClxBr3-x crystal with a high defect concentration, but also tune the emission wavelength from the green band to blue band through the ion exchange of Br with Cl. The ASE centered at ∼456 nm is probed at 50 K with a threshold of 106 μJ/cm2. Furthermore, a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure CsPbClxBr3-x photodetector is fabricated and shows a distinct response to lights from UV to the blue band; the response spectrum range is quite different from the narrow band (∼30 nm) response of the CsPbBr3 photodetector induced by a charge collection narrowing (CCN) mechanism. The CsPbClxBr3-x photodetector also exhibits fast response speeds with a rise time of 96 μs and a decay time of 34 μs, indicating the defects have limited influence on the transportation speed of the photo-generated carriers. All inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 with excellent optical properties and a tunable bandgap is a potential candidate for optoelectronic applications, and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is normally reported in low-dimensional structures where the quantum confinement enhances ASE. Herein, we not only demonstrate the ASE in millimeter size CsPbClxBr3-x crystal with a high defect concentration, but also tune the emission wavelength from the green band to blue band through the ion exchange of Br with Cl. The ASE centered at ∼456 nm is probed at 50 K with a threshold of 106 μJ/cm2. Furthermore, a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure CsPbClxBr3-x photodetector is fabricated and shows a distinct response to lights from UV to the blue band; the response spectrum range is quite different from the narrow band (∼30 nm) response of the CsPbBr3 photodetector induced by a charge collection narrowing (CCN) mechanism. The CsPbClxBr3-x photodetector also exhibits fast response speeds with a rise time of 96 μs and a decay time of 34 μs, indicating the defects have limited influence on the transportation speed of the photo-generated carriers.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 09, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 286 (2025)
Multi-physics metasurface with reduced characteristic scales simultaneously for microwave, infrared, and acoustic compatibility
Huiting Sun, Peizhou Hu, Jun Wang, Jingbo Zhao, Ruichao Zhu, Chang Ding, Jie Zhang, Zhaotang Liu, Zuntian Chu, Yina Cui, Fan Wu, Shaobo Qu, and Jiafu Wang
Devices supporting work in multi-physical environments present new challenges for material design. Due to the wavelength difference, waves from multi-field are difficult to modulate simultaneously, limiting the multi-field functions integration. Inspired by characteristic scale analysis, in this work, a devisable metasurface with characteristic scale compatibility is proposed. Under the reduced characteristic scale, waves in microwave, infrared, and acoustic fields can be modulated simultaneously, which can realize the multi-physics functions compatibility. In the microwave field, the far-field performance can be modulated by designing wavefront phase distribution. In the infrared field, the infrared radiation characteristic can be spatially modulated through noninvasive insetting of infrared devices in the microwave layer. In the acoustic field, the sound wave entering the metasurface can realize high-efficiency loss under the action of the Helmholtz cavity. To verify the design method, a functional sample is simulated and experimented. Three typical functions are effectively verified, which can realize 10 dB backward scattering reduction at 8–10 GHz, digital infrared camouflage with infrared emissivity modulation from 0.4 to 0.8 at 3–14 μm, and sound absorptivity of more than 60% at 160–410 Hz, respectively. The comparable characteristic scale design method paves a new way for individually devisable metasurfaces in multi-physical field integration. Devices supporting work in multi-physical environments present new challenges for material design. Due to the wavelength difference, waves from multi-field are difficult to modulate simultaneously, limiting the multi-field functions integration. Inspired by characteristic scale analysis, in this work, a devisable metasurface with characteristic scale compatibility is proposed. Under the reduced characteristic scale, waves in microwave, infrared, and acoustic fields can be modulated simultaneously, which can realize the multi-physics functions compatibility. In the microwave field, the far-field performance can be modulated by designing wavefront phase distribution. In the infrared field, the infrared radiation characteristic can be spatially modulated through noninvasive insetting of infrared devices in the microwave layer. In the acoustic field, the sound wave entering the metasurface can realize high-efficiency loss under the action of the Helmholtz cavity. To verify the design method, a functional sample is simulated and experimented. Three typical functions are effectively verified, which can realize 10 dB backward scattering reduction at 8–10 GHz, digital infrared camouflage with infrared emissivity modulation from 0.4 to 0.8 at 3–14 μm, and sound absorptivity of more than 60% at 160–410 Hz, respectively. The comparable characteristic scale design method paves a new way for individually devisable metasurfaces in multi-physical field integration.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 07, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 263 (2025)
Generation of structural colors with wide gamut based on stretchable transmission metasurfaces
Kun Jiang, Xiquan Jiang, Rui Wu, Xinpeng Gao, Shuangshuang Ding, Jingwen Ma, Zhihao Li, and Shuyun Teng
Structural colors with high saturation, large gamut, high resolution, and tunable color are expected in practical applications. This work explores the generation of tunable structural color based on transmission metasurfaces. The designed metasurfaces consist of rectangular nanoholes etched in silver film, which is deposited on the stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The smaller separation of adjacent nanoholes makes the resolution of metasurface reach 63,500 dpi. The color gamut of the nanostructures reaches 146.9% sRGB. We also perform a comparison with the case on the glass substrate and analyze the incident polarization condition and the coating film of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The ultra-thin structure, high resolution, high-performance structural colors, and convenient transmission mode provide broad application prospects for metasurfaces in color displaying, color printing, and color holographic imaging. Structural colors with high saturation, large gamut, high resolution, and tunable color are expected in practical applications. This work explores the generation of tunable structural color based on transmission metasurfaces. The designed metasurfaces consist of rectangular nanoholes etched in silver film, which is deposited on the stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The smaller separation of adjacent nanoholes makes the resolution of metasurface reach 63,500 dpi. The color gamut of the nanostructures reaches 146.9% sRGB. We also perform a comparison with the case on the glass substrate and analyze the incident polarization condition and the coating film of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The ultra-thin structure, high resolution, high-performance structural colors, and convenient transmission mode provide broad application prospects for metasurfaces in color displaying, color printing, and color holographic imaging.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 07, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 257 (2025)
Bispectral camouflage metasurfaces compatible with microwave diffuse emission and tunable infrared emissivity
Lei Wang, Cuilian Xu, Jinming Jiang, Mingbao Yan, Zuntian Chu, Huiting Sun, Jun Wang, Sai Sui, Jiafu Wang, Qi Fan, and Yajuan Han
With the rapid development of detection technology and artificial intelligence, the widespread use of multispectral detectors has increased challenges to stealth capabilities. This paper presents a bispectral camouflage metasurface with microwave diffuse emission and tunable infrared (IR) emissivity, achieving an integrated design for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction and tunable IR emissivity. The structure consists of layers from bottom to top: aerogel felt, indium-tin-oxide (ITO), air, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and ITO. It reduces RCS through microwave diffuse reflection and adjusts IR emissivity by controlling the ITO fill ratio. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate effective suppression of electromagnetic (EM) wave backscattering within 4.5–10.3 GHz, achieving radar invisibility. The tunable IR emissivity ranges from 0.2 to 0.7 with good thermal insulation. This design alleviates issues related to structural thickness and processing complexity and avoids increased thermal load from microwave absorption, offering better tunable IR emissivity for various thermal camouflage environments. This metasurface holds significant promise for multispectral stealth and IR camouflage applications. With the rapid development of detection technology and artificial intelligence, the widespread use of multispectral detectors has increased challenges to stealth capabilities. This paper presents a bispectral camouflage metasurface with microwave diffuse emission and tunable infrared (IR) emissivity, achieving an integrated design for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction and tunable IR emissivity. The structure consists of layers from bottom to top: aerogel felt, indium-tin-oxide (ITO), air, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and ITO. It reduces RCS through microwave diffuse reflection and adjusts IR emissivity by controlling the ITO fill ratio. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate effective suppression of electromagnetic (EM) wave backscattering within 4.5–10.3 GHz, achieving radar invisibility. The tunable IR emissivity ranges from 0.2 to 0.7 with good thermal insulation. This design alleviates issues related to structural thickness and processing complexity and avoids increased thermal load from microwave absorption, offering better tunable IR emissivity for various thermal camouflage environments. This metasurface holds significant promise for multispectral stealth and IR camouflage applications.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 07, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 249 (2025)
Bo Han, Chirag C. Palekar, Frederik Lohof, Sven Stephan, Victor N. Mitryakhin, Jens-Christian Drawer, Alexander Steinhoff, Lukas Lackner, Martin Silies, Bárbara Rosa, Martin Esmann, Falk Eilenberger, Christopher Gies, Stephan Reitzenstein, and Christian Schneider
Optical resonators are a powerful platform to control the spontaneous emission dynamics of excitons in solid-state nanostructures. We study a MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructure that is integrated in a cryogenic open optical microcavity to gain insights into fundamental optical properties of the emergent interlayer excitons. First, we utilize a low-quality-factor planar open cavity and investigate the modification of the excitonic lifetime as on- and off-resonance conditions are met with consecutive longitudinal modes. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements revealed a periodic tuning of the interlayer exciton lifetime by 220 ps, which allows us to extract a 0.5 ns free-space radiative lifetime and a quantum efficiency as high as 81.4%±1.4%. We subsequently engineer the local density of optical states by spatially confined and spectrally tunable Tamm-plasmon resonances. The dramatic redistribution of the local optical modes allows us to encounter a significant inhibition of the excitonic spontaneous emission rate by a factor of 3.2. Our open cavity is able to tune the cavity resonances accurately to the emitters to have a robust in situ control of the light-matter coupling. Such a powerful characterization approach can be universally applied to tune the exciton dynamics and measure the quantum efficiencies of more complex van der Waals heterostructures and devices. Optical resonators are a powerful platform to control the spontaneous emission dynamics of excitons in solid-state nanostructures. We study a MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructure that is integrated in a cryogenic open optical microcavity to gain insights into fundamental optical properties of the emergent interlayer excitons. First, we utilize a low-quality-factor planar open cavity and investigate the modification of the excitonic lifetime as on- and off-resonance conditions are met with consecutive longitudinal modes. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements revealed a periodic tuning of the interlayer exciton lifetime by 220 ps, which allows us to extract a 0.5 ns free-space radiative lifetime and a quantum efficiency as high as 81.4%±1.4%. We subsequently engineer the local density of optical states by spatially confined and spectrally tunable Tamm-plasmon resonances. The dramatic redistribution of the local optical modes allows us to encounter a significant inhibition of the excitonic spontaneous emission rate by a factor of 3.2. Our open cavity is able to tune the cavity resonances accurately to the emitters to have a robust in situ control of the light-matter coupling. Such a powerful characterization approach can be universally applied to tune the exciton dynamics and measure the quantum efficiencies of more complex van der Waals heterostructures and devices.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Dec. 24, 2024
- Vol. 13, Issue 1, 210 (2025)
Reconfigurable spin-decoupled conformal metasurface: 3D-printing with independent beam shaping and multi-focusing dual-channel reconfigurability techniques
Yang Fu, Xiaofeng Zhou, Houyuan Cheng, Yuejie Yang, Xiangli Zhou, Fan Ding, Jing Jin, and Helin Yang
This paper describes a 3D-printed conformal reconfigurable spin-decoupled metasurface and supports both independent beam shaping and dual-channel reconfigurability. The increasing complexity of metasurface structures and reconfigurable spin-decoupling among conformal structures are rarely reported due to their challenging properties. In this paper, a reconfigurable metasurface based on 3D-printing technology is proposed for reconfigurable spin-decoupled curved structures at 13.5–14.5 GHz. Curved surface spin-decoupling is realized for the first time and verified by simulation and experiment. Beam deflection (20° and 35°) and near-field focusing (100 mm and 150 mm) were achieved at different circularly polarized wave incidences. Switching the beam between the two states was achieved by incorporating the water-based metasurface. As a proof of concept, metasurfaces that have anomalous reflections in both channels were fabricated and measured. Furthermore, reconfigurable spin-decoupling was achieved using a water-based metasurface. This work extends the phase engineering approach in metasurfaces and may have a wide range of applications in communications, sensing, imaging, and camouflage. This paper describes a 3D-printed conformal reconfigurable spin-decoupled metasurface and supports both independent beam shaping and dual-channel reconfigurability. The increasing complexity of metasurface structures and reconfigurable spin-decoupling among conformal structures are rarely reported due to their challenging properties. In this paper, a reconfigurable metasurface based on 3D-printing technology is proposed for reconfigurable spin-decoupled curved structures at 13.5–14.5 GHz. Curved surface spin-decoupling is realized for the first time and verified by simulation and experiment. Beam deflection (20° and 35°) and near-field focusing (100 mm and 150 mm) were achieved at different circularly polarized wave incidences. Switching the beam between the two states was achieved by incorporating the water-based metasurface. As a proof of concept, metasurfaces that have anomalous reflections in both channels were fabricated and measured. Furthermore, reconfigurable spin-decoupling was achieved using a water-based metasurface. This work extends the phase engineering approach in metasurfaces and may have a wide range of applications in communications, sensing, imaging, and camouflage.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Dec. 20, 2024
- Vol. 13, Issue 1, 150 (2025)
Transmissive reconfigurable metasurface enabling independent control of active and passive modules through weak coupling
Kun Xue, Heng Wei, Cilei Zhang, Yonghao Zhang, Haoliang Sun, and Shaohua Dong
Metasurfaces have demonstrated rich electromagnetic control capabilities and degrees of freedom in past years. As is well known, for passive metasurfaces, their functionalities cannot be further expanded accordingly once prototypes are established. Therefore, reconfigurable metasurfaces, utilizing active devices to replace geometric changes in passive structures, have received widespread attention, especially with the development of wireless communication recently. In reconfigurable metasurfaces, artificial meta-atoms are composed of active devices and passive structures combined together. However, these two modules are usually utilized as a whole due to the tight coupling of the active devices and the passive structures, which results in passive structures not receiving sufficient attention and being utilized as independent degrees of freedom. In this article, we propose the concept of weakly coupled reconfigurable metasurfaces in transmissive systems, enabling independent control of active and passive modules through weak coupling. As the proof of concept, a simple weakly coupled system is proposed, which can realize the transmission wavefront engineering through the geometric changes of meta-structures in passive mode, while achieving switching between transmission and reflection states in active mode, respectively. Our exploration lies in making use of the physical structure, which is easily neglected in traditional reconfigurable metasurface design, emphasizing the collaborative work of active and passive modules, exploring more available variables within the same aperture, and providing a potential solution for balancing functionality and resource consumption in practical applications. Metasurfaces have demonstrated rich electromagnetic control capabilities and degrees of freedom in past years. As is well known, for passive metasurfaces, their functionalities cannot be further expanded accordingly once prototypes are established. Therefore, reconfigurable metasurfaces, utilizing active devices to replace geometric changes in passive structures, have received widespread attention, especially with the development of wireless communication recently. In reconfigurable metasurfaces, artificial meta-atoms are composed of active devices and passive structures combined together. However, these two modules are usually utilized as a whole due to the tight coupling of the active devices and the passive structures, which results in passive structures not receiving sufficient attention and being utilized as independent degrees of freedom. In this article, we propose the concept of weakly coupled reconfigurable metasurfaces in transmissive systems, enabling independent control of active and passive modules through weak coupling. As the proof of concept, a simple weakly coupled system is proposed, which can realize the transmission wavefront engineering through the geometric changes of meta-structures in passive mode, while achieving switching between transmission and reflection states in active mode, respectively. Our exploration lies in making use of the physical structure, which is easily neglected in traditional reconfigurable metasurface design, emphasizing the collaborative work of active and passive modules, exploring more available variables within the same aperture, and providing a potential solution for balancing functionality and resource consumption in practical applications.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jun. 27, 2024
- Vol. 12, Issue 7, 1449 (2024)
Optical manipulation of ratio-designable Janus microspheres
Yulu Chen, Cong Zhai, Xiaoqing Gao, Han Wang, Zuzeng Lin, Xiaowei Zhou, and Chunguang Hu
Angular optical trapping based on Janus microspheres has been proven to be a novel method to achieve controllable rotation. In contrast to natural birefringent crystals, Janus microspheres are chemically synthesized of two compositions with different refractive indices. Thus, their structures can be artificially regulated, which brings excellent potential for fine and multi-degree-of-freedom manipulation in the optical field. However, it is a considerable challenge to model the interaction of heterogeneous particles with the optical field, and there has also been no experimental study on the optical manipulation of microspheres with such designable refractive index distributions. How the specific structure affects the kinematic properties of Janus microspheres remains unknown. Here, we report systematic research on the optical trapping and rotating of various ratio-designable Janus microspheres. We employ an efficient T-matrix method to rapidly calculate the optical force and torque on Janus microspheres to obtain their trapped postures and rotational characteristics in the optical field. We have developed a robust microfluidic-based scheme to prepare Janus microspheres. Our experimental results demonstrate that within a specific ratio range, the rotation radii of microspheres vary linearly and the orientations of microsphere are always aligned with the light polarization direction. This is of great importance in guiding the design of Janus microspheres. And their orientations flip at a particular ratio, all consistent with the simulations. Our work provides a reliable theoretical analysis and experimental strategy for studying the interaction of heterogeneous particles with the optical field and further expands the diverse manipulation capabilities of optical tweezers. Angular optical trapping based on Janus microspheres has been proven to be a novel method to achieve controllable rotation. In contrast to natural birefringent crystals, Janus microspheres are chemically synthesized of two compositions with different refractive indices. Thus, their structures can be artificially regulated, which brings excellent potential for fine and multi-degree-of-freedom manipulation in the optical field. However, it is a considerable challenge to model the interaction of heterogeneous particles with the optical field, and there has also been no experimental study on the optical manipulation of microspheres with such designable refractive index distributions. How the specific structure affects the kinematic properties of Janus microspheres remains unknown. Here, we report systematic research on the optical trapping and rotating of various ratio-designable Janus microspheres. We employ an efficient T-matrix method to rapidly calculate the optical force and torque on Janus microspheres to obtain their trapped postures and rotational characteristics in the optical field. We have developed a robust microfluidic-based scheme to prepare Janus microspheres. Our experimental results demonstrate that within a specific ratio range, the rotation radii of microspheres vary linearly and the orientations of microsphere are always aligned with the light polarization direction. This is of great importance in guiding the design of Janus microspheres. And their orientations flip at a particular ratio, all consistent with the simulations. Our work provides a reliable theoretical analysis and experimental strategy for studying the interaction of heterogeneous particles with the optical field and further expands the diverse manipulation capabilities of optical tweezers.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: May. 31, 2024
- Vol. 12, Issue 6, 1239 (2024)
Ultrafast modulable 2DEG Huygens metasurface|Spotlight on Optics
Hongxin Zeng, Xuan Cong, Shiqi Wang, Sen Gong, Lin Huang, Lan Wang, Huajie Liang, Feng Lan, Haoyi Cao, Zheng Wang, Weipeng Wang, Shixiong Liang, Zhihong Feng, Ziqiang Yang, Yaxin Zhang, and Tie Jun Cui
Huygens metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in perfect transmission and precise wavefront modulation through the synergistic integration of electric resonance and magnetic resonance. However, prevailing active or reconfigurable Huygens metasurfaces, based on all-optical systems, encounter formidable challenges associated with the intricate control of bulk dielectric using laser equipment and the presence of residual thermal effects, leading to limitations in continuous modulation speeds. Here, we present an ultrafast electrically driven terahertz Huygens metasurface that comprises an artificial microstructure layer featuring a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) provided by an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, as well as a passive microstructure layer. Through precise manipulation of the carrier concentration within the 2DEG layer, we effectively govern the current distribution on the metasurfaces, inducing variations in electromagnetic resonance modes to modulate terahertz waves. This modulation mechanism achieves high efficiency and contrast for terahertz wave manipulation. Experimental investigations demonstrate continuous modulation capabilities of up to 6 GHz, a modulation efficiency of 90%, a transmission of 91%, and a remarkable relative operating bandwidth of 55.5%. These significant advancements substantially enhance the performance of terahertz metasurface modulators. Importantly, our work not only enables efficient amplitude modulation but also introduces an approach for the development of high-speed and efficient intelligent transmissive metasurfaces. Huygens metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in perfect transmission and precise wavefront modulation through the synergistic integration of electric resonance and magnetic resonance. However, prevailing active or reconfigurable Huygens metasurfaces, based on all-optical systems, encounter formidable challenges associated with the intricate control of bulk dielectric using laser equipment and the presence of residual thermal effects, leading to limitations in continuous modulation speeds. Here, we present an ultrafast electrically driven terahertz Huygens metasurface that comprises an artificial microstructure layer featuring a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) provided by an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, as well as a passive microstructure layer. Through precise manipulation of the carrier concentration within the 2DEG layer, we effectively govern the current distribution on the metasurfaces, inducing variations in electromagnetic resonance modes to modulate terahertz waves. This modulation mechanism achieves high efficiency and contrast for terahertz wave manipulation. Experimental investigations demonstrate continuous modulation capabilities of up to 6 GHz, a modulation efficiency of 90%, a transmission of 91%, and a remarkable relative operating bandwidth of 55.5%. These significant advancements substantially enhance the performance of terahertz metasurface modulators. Importantly, our work not only enables efficient amplitude modulation but also introduces an approach for the development of high-speed and efficient intelligent transmissive metasurfaces.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: May. 01, 2024
- Vol. 12, Issue 5, 1004 (2024)
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