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Surface Optics and Plasmonics|132 Article(s)
Broadband transmission-reflection-integrated metasurface capable of arbitrarily polarized wavefront manipulation in full space
Zuntian Chu, Xinqi Cai, Jie Yang, Tiefu Li, Huiting Sun, Fan Wu, Yuxiang Jia, Yajuan Han, Ruichao Zhu, Tonghao Liu, Jiafu Wang, and Shaobo Qu
In modern science and technology, on-demand control of the polarization and wavefront of electromagnetic (EM) waves is crucial for compact opto-electronic systems. Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength array structures inject infinite vitality to shape this fantastic concept, which has fundamentally changed the way humans engineer matter–wave interactions. However, achieving full-space arbitrarily polarized beams with independent wavefronts in broadband on a single metasurface aperture still remains challenging. Herein, the authors propose a generic method for broadband transmission-reflection-integrated wavefronts shaping with multichannel arbitrary polarization regulation from 8 to 16 GHz, which is based on the chirality effect of full-space non-interleaved tetrameric meta-molecules. Through superimposing eigen-polarization responses of the two kinds of enantiomers, the possibility for high-efficiency evolution of several typical polarization states with specific wavefronts is demonstrated. As proofs-of-concept, the feasibility of our methodology is validated via implementing miscellaneous functionalities, including circularly polarized (CP) beam splitting, linearly polarized (LP) vortex beams generation, and CP and LP multifoci. Meanwhile, numerous simulated and experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Encouragingly, this proposed approach imaginatively merges broadband polarization and phase control into one single full-space and shared-aperture EM device, which can extremely enhance the functional richness and information capacity in advanced integrated systems. In modern science and technology, on-demand control of the polarization and wavefront of electromagnetic (EM) waves is crucial for compact opto-electronic systems. Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength array structures inject infinite vitality to shape this fantastic concept, which has fundamentally changed the way humans engineer matter–wave interactions. However, achieving full-space arbitrarily polarized beams with independent wavefronts in broadband on a single metasurface aperture still remains challenging. Herein, the authors propose a generic method for broadband transmission-reflection-integrated wavefronts shaping with multichannel arbitrary polarization regulation from 8 to 16 GHz, which is based on the chirality effect of full-space non-interleaved tetrameric meta-molecules. Through superimposing eigen-polarization responses of the two kinds of enantiomers, the possibility for high-efficiency evolution of several typical polarization states with specific wavefronts is demonstrated. As proofs-of-concept, the feasibility of our methodology is validated via implementing miscellaneous functionalities, including circularly polarized (CP) beam splitting, linearly polarized (LP) vortex beams generation, and CP and LP multifoci. Meanwhile, numerous simulated and experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Encouragingly, this proposed approach imaginatively merges broadband polarization and phase control into one single full-space and shared-aperture EM device, which can extremely enhance the functional richness and information capacity in advanced integrated systems.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Mar. 11, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 4, 798 (2025)
Significant photoluminescence enhancement of monolayer MoS2 by full-wavelength nanodipole antennas
Yanzhen Wang, Anqi Hu, Qiaoli Liu, Bo Wang, Xiansong Ren, Shifeng Zhang, Yanling Ren, Zimu Fan, Zixin Wu, and Xia Guo
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) hold great promise as a platform for optoelectronic devices, thanks to their exceptional optical characteristics. Nonetheless, their intrinsic low radiative recombination rate results in diminished efficiency in light emission and absorption. Here, we report photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of monolayer MoS2 through the utilization of full-wavelength (λ) nanodipole antennas. It is revealed that λ antennas demonstrate more pronounced PL enhancement and enhanced directivity compared to the previously examined half-wavelength (λ/2) antennas, relaxing the fabrication difficulty for ultra-narrow antenna gap configurations. By geometry and dimension optimization, a maximum PL enhancement of 17-fold is achieved. Furthermore, dual-polarized cross-shaped nanoantennas are developed to mitigate the reliance of the nanoantenna’s performance on the polarization state. Our method charts an effective path for amplifying the PL intensity of monolayer TMDs, thereby accelerating their integration into high-performance optoelectronic technologies. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) hold great promise as a platform for optoelectronic devices, thanks to their exceptional optical characteristics. Nonetheless, their intrinsic low radiative recombination rate results in diminished efficiency in light emission and absorption. Here, we report photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of monolayer MoS2 through the utilization of full-wavelength (λ) nanodipole antennas. It is revealed that λ antennas demonstrate more pronounced PL enhancement and enhanced directivity compared to the previously examined half-wavelength (λ/2) antennas, relaxing the fabrication difficulty for ultra-narrow antenna gap configurations. By geometry and dimension optimization, a maximum PL enhancement of 17-fold is achieved. Furthermore, dual-polarized cross-shaped nanoantennas are developed to mitigate the reliance of the nanoantenna’s performance on the polarization state. Our method charts an effective path for amplifying the PL intensity of monolayer TMDs, thereby accelerating their integration into high-performance optoelectronic technologies.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Feb. 28, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 3, 791 (2025)
Ultralow-limit of detection optical fiber LSPR biosensor based on a ring laser for des-γ-carboxy prothrombin detection
Xiangshan Li, Ragini Singh, Bingyuan Zhang, Santosh Kumar, and Guoru Li
The ultralow limit of detection (LoD) and exceptional sensitivity of biosensors are a significant challenge currently faced in the field. To address this challenge, this work proposes a highly sensitive laser ring cavity biosensor capable of detecting low concentrations of des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP). A tapered W-shaped fiber probe based on multi-mode fiber (MMF)-multi-core fiber (MCF)-MMF is developed to excite strong evanescent waves (EWs). By immobilizing gold nanorods (GNRs) on the fiber probe, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is generated at the near infrared wavelength to further enhance the sensitivity of the fiber probe. Moreover, an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.11 nm is employed as a light source. The spectrum with narrow FWHM has been demonstrated to obtain lower LoD. Compared to the ASE light source, the LoD of the laser ring cavity can be reduced by an order of magnitude. The developed biosensor is capable of detecting DCP within a concentration range of 0–1000 ng/mL, and the detection sensitivity of 0.265 nm/lg(ng/mL) and the LoD of 367.6 pg/mL are obtained. In addition, the proposed laser ring cavity biosensor demonstrates good specificity, reproducibility, and repeatability by corresponding tests. The study results indicate that the proposed biosensor has potential in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma markers. The ultralow limit of detection (LoD) and exceptional sensitivity of biosensors are a significant challenge currently faced in the field. To address this challenge, this work proposes a highly sensitive laser ring cavity biosensor capable of detecting low concentrations of des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP). A tapered W-shaped fiber probe based on multi-mode fiber (MMF)-multi-core fiber (MCF)-MMF is developed to excite strong evanescent waves (EWs). By immobilizing gold nanorods (GNRs) on the fiber probe, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is generated at the near infrared wavelength to further enhance the sensitivity of the fiber probe. Moreover, an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.11 nm is employed as a light source. The spectrum with narrow FWHM has been demonstrated to obtain lower LoD. Compared to the ASE light source, the LoD of the laser ring cavity can be reduced by an order of magnitude. The developed biosensor is capable of detecting DCP within a concentration range of 0–1000 ng/mL, and the detection sensitivity of 0.265 nm/lg(ng/mL) and the LoD of 367.6 pg/mL are obtained. In addition, the proposed laser ring cavity biosensor demonstrates good specificity, reproducibility, and repeatability by corresponding tests. The study results indicate that the proposed biosensor has potential in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma markers.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Feb. 28, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 3, 698 (2025)
Low-cost prototype for real-time analysis using liquid crystal optical sensors in water quality assessment
M. Simone Soares, Francisco Gameiro, Jan Nedoma, Nuno Santos, Pedro L. Almeida, and Carlos Marques
In the food production sector, quickly identifying potential hazards is crucial due to the resilience of many pathogens, which could lead to wasted production results and, more severely, epidemic outbreaks. E. coli monitoring is essential; however, traditional quality control methods in fish farming are often slow and intrusive, thus promoting an increase in fish stress and mortality rates. This paper presents an alternative method by utilizing a prototype inspired by polarized optical microscopy (POM), constructed with a Raspberry Pi microprocessor to assess pixel patterns and calculate analyte levels. The sensors are based on the immune complexation reactions between E. coli specific antibodies and the disruption of liquid crystal (LC) alignment, which are measured with the POM technique. The prototype yielded a sensitivity of 1.01%±0.17%/log10 (CFU/mL) for E. coli. In this paper, tests using sunlight as the prototype’s light source were also performed, and a user-friendly graphical user interface was designed. In the food production sector, quickly identifying potential hazards is crucial due to the resilience of many pathogens, which could lead to wasted production results and, more severely, epidemic outbreaks. E. coli monitoring is essential; however, traditional quality control methods in fish farming are often slow and intrusive, thus promoting an increase in fish stress and mortality rates. This paper presents an alternative method by utilizing a prototype inspired by polarized optical microscopy (POM), constructed with a Raspberry Pi microprocessor to assess pixel patterns and calculate analyte levels. The sensors are based on the immune complexation reactions between E. coli specific antibodies and the disruption of liquid crystal (LC) alignment, which are measured with the POM technique. The prototype yielded a sensitivity of 1.01%±0.17%/log10 (CFU/mL) for E. coli. In this paper, tests using sunlight as the prototype’s light source were also performed, and a user-friendly graphical user interface was designed.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 31, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 541 (2025)
Integrated electromagnetic sensing system based on a deep-neural-network-intervened genetic algorithm
Borui Wu, Tonghao Liu, Guangming Wang, Xingshuo Cui, Yuxin Jia, Yani Wang, and Huiqing Zhai
With the deepening integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in daily life, electromagnetic sensing presents both attraction and increasing challenges, especially in the diversification, accuracy, and integration of sensing technologies. The remarkable ability of metasurfaces to manipulate electromagnetic waves offers promising solutions to these challenges. Herein, an integrated system for electromagnetic sensing and beam shaping is proposed. Improved genetic algorithms (GAs) are employed to design the metasurface with desired beams, while spatial electromagnetic signals sensitized by the metasurface are input into the GA enhanced by deep neural networks to sense the number of targets, their azimuths, and elevations. Subsequently, the metasurface device is designed as the hybrid mode combining tracking and avoidance in alignment with practical requirements and sensing outcomes. Simulation and experimental results validate the efficiency and accuracy of each module within the integrated system. Notably, the target sensing module demonstrates the capability to precisely sense more than 10 targets simultaneously, achieving an accuracy exceeding 98% and a minimum angular resolution of 0.5°. Our work opens, to our knowledge, a new avenue for electromagnetic sensing, and has tremendous application potential in smart cities, smart homes, autonomous driving, and secure communication. With the deepening integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in daily life, electromagnetic sensing presents both attraction and increasing challenges, especially in the diversification, accuracy, and integration of sensing technologies. The remarkable ability of metasurfaces to manipulate electromagnetic waves offers promising solutions to these challenges. Herein, an integrated system for electromagnetic sensing and beam shaping is proposed. Improved genetic algorithms (GAs) are employed to design the metasurface with desired beams, while spatial electromagnetic signals sensitized by the metasurface are input into the GA enhanced by deep neural networks to sense the number of targets, their azimuths, and elevations. Subsequently, the metasurface device is designed as the hybrid mode combining tracking and avoidance in alignment with practical requirements and sensing outcomes. Simulation and experimental results validate the efficiency and accuracy of each module within the integrated system. Notably, the target sensing module demonstrates the capability to precisely sense more than 10 targets simultaneously, achieving an accuracy exceeding 98% and a minimum angular resolution of 0.5°. Our work opens, to our knowledge, a new avenue for electromagnetic sensing, and has tremendous application potential in smart cities, smart homes, autonomous driving, and secure communication.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 28, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 387 (2025)
Combination of graphene plasmons and surface plasmons in a crystalline Ge2Sb1.5Bi0.5Te5 metasurface structure for laser mode-locking
Hongpei Wang, Lei Ye, Shun Wang, Jiqiang Wang, Menglu Lyu, Liang Qin, Ziyang Zhang, and Cheng Jiang
Owing to the dynamic tunability and strong confinement, graphene plasmons (GPs) have emerged as an excellent candidate for the manipulation of light–matter interaction. Surface plasmons (SPs) have been admitted as another effective way allowing strong confinement of light at the nanoscale. The combination of GPs and SPs like localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) will lead to a synergistic effect that could remarkably improve light–matter interactions, showing great potential for many applications for the improvement of solar cell efficiency, biosensor sensitivity, and the performance of photonic devices. In this study, the GPs were activated by placing graphene film onto a two-dimensional (2D) phase-changing crystalline Ge2Sb1.5Bi0.5Te5 (cGSBT) nanograting structure, which also acts as an original source generating LSPs. The SPPs originated by laying the above structure onto an Au mirror. The combined effects of GPs, LSPs, and SPPs are epitomized in such a simple Gr/2D cGSBT gratings/Au heterostructure, which allows easy realization of an ultrafast mode-locked laser quite stable working at 1550 nm range due to the strong nonlinear optical absorption capability. This approach overcomes the heat and energy loss in metallic gratings or a Gr-based heterostructure, exhibiting great potential for applications in the design and fabrication of photonic devices. Owing to the dynamic tunability and strong confinement, graphene plasmons (GPs) have emerged as an excellent candidate for the manipulation of light–matter interaction. Surface plasmons (SPs) have been admitted as another effective way allowing strong confinement of light at the nanoscale. The combination of GPs and SPs like localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) will lead to a synergistic effect that could remarkably improve light–matter interactions, showing great potential for many applications for the improvement of solar cell efficiency, biosensor sensitivity, and the performance of photonic devices. In this study, the GPs were activated by placing graphene film onto a two-dimensional (2D) phase-changing crystalline Ge2Sb1.5Bi0.5Te5 (cGSBT) nanograting structure, which also acts as an original source generating LSPs. The SPPs originated by laying the above structure onto an Au mirror. The combined effects of GPs, LSPs, and SPPs are epitomized in such a simple Gr/2D cGSBT gratings/Au heterostructure, which allows easy realization of an ultrafast mode-locked laser quite stable working at 1550 nm range due to the strong nonlinear optical absorption capability. This approach overcomes the heat and energy loss in metallic gratings or a Gr-based heterostructure, exhibiting great potential for applications in the design and fabrication of photonic devices.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 17, 2025
- Vol. 13, Issue 2, 305 (2025)
Dual-function switchable terahertz surface plasmon device driven by a GST metasurface
Guanghong Xu, Quan Li, Hao Su, Yisheng Dong, Guanxuan Guo, Huirong Wang, Hai Huang, Tai Chen, Shuang Wang, Xueqian Zhang, and Zhen Tian
Surface plasmons (SPs) are one of the most effective information carriers for on-chip systems due to their two-dimensional propagation properties. Benefitting from the highly flexible designability, metasurfaces have emerged as a promising route in realizing SP devices. However, related studies are mainly focused on passive devices. Here, by introducing nonvolatile phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) into the metasurface design, we experimentally demonstrate a dual-function switchable SP device in the terahertz regime. Specifically, the device works as a spin-dependent directional plane-wave SP coupler when GST is in the amorphous state, while it works as a spin-dependent directional SP Fresnel zone plate (FZP) when GST is in the crystalline state. The states of GST are switched back and forth using thermal excitation and nanosecond laser illumination, respectively. Our method is simple and robust, and can find broad applications in on-chip photonic devices. Surface plasmons (SPs) are one of the most effective information carriers for on-chip systems due to their two-dimensional propagation properties. Benefitting from the highly flexible designability, metasurfaces have emerged as a promising route in realizing SP devices. However, related studies are mainly focused on passive devices. Here, by introducing nonvolatile phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) into the metasurface design, we experimentally demonstrate a dual-function switchable SP device in the terahertz regime. Specifically, the device works as a spin-dependent directional plane-wave SP coupler when GST is in the amorphous state, while it works as a spin-dependent directional SP Fresnel zone plate (FZP) when GST is in the crystalline state. The states of GST are switched back and forth using thermal excitation and nanosecond laser illumination, respectively. Our method is simple and robust, and can find broad applications in on-chip photonic devices.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Dec. 20, 2024
- Vol. 13, Issue 1, 98 (2025)
Strong coupling between a quasi-two-dimensional perovskite and a honeycomb plasmonic nanocone array
Zixuan Song, Xuexuan Huang, Lingyao Li, Leyi Zhao, Jiamin Xiao, Jiazhi Yuan, Zhihang Wang, Chenghao Bi, and Wenxin Wang
Recently organic-inorganic perovskite has been established as a promising platform for achieving room temperature exciton-polaritons, attributable to its superior optical coherence and robust exciton binding energies. However, when interfaced with metallic surfaces, the rapid degradation and quenching effect in perovskite have presented significant challenges, which critically hinders the exploration of light-matter interactions within metallic plasmonic structures. In this study, we report a quasi-two-dimensional lead halide perovskite that demonstrates a pronounced strong coupling phenomenon within an array of aluminum nanocones. The investigated quasi-two-dimensional perovskite structure exhibits high photoluminescence quantum efficiency and improved stability against metallic-induced degradation. Interestingly, the periodical arraying in honeycomb formation of plasmonic structure has advantages in angle-dependent dispersions and the loss neutralizing effectively. Besides, the plasmonic cone lattice characterized by its collective surface lattice resonance, features an exceptionally small mode volume and high quality, enhancing its interaction with the perovskite. A significant Rabi splitting of 243 meV is observed at an incident angle of 30°. The dynamics of the Rabi oscillation is revealed by transient absorption spectra and theoretically analyzed by cavity quantum electrodynamics. This advancement in polariton research paves the way for novel applications, including quantum sources, enhanced photon-electron conversion efficiencies, and low-threshold lasing. Recently organic-inorganic perovskite has been established as a promising platform for achieving room temperature exciton-polaritons, attributable to its superior optical coherence and robust exciton binding energies. However, when interfaced with metallic surfaces, the rapid degradation and quenching effect in perovskite have presented significant challenges, which critically hinders the exploration of light-matter interactions within metallic plasmonic structures. In this study, we report a quasi-two-dimensional lead halide perovskite that demonstrates a pronounced strong coupling phenomenon within an array of aluminum nanocones. The investigated quasi-two-dimensional perovskite structure exhibits high photoluminescence quantum efficiency and improved stability against metallic-induced degradation. Interestingly, the periodical arraying in honeycomb formation of plasmonic structure has advantages in angle-dependent dispersions and the loss neutralizing effectively. Besides, the plasmonic cone lattice characterized by its collective surface lattice resonance, features an exceptionally small mode volume and high quality, enhancing its interaction with the perovskite. A significant Rabi splitting of 243 meV is observed at an incident angle of 30°. The dynamics of the Rabi oscillation is revealed by transient absorption spectra and theoretically analyzed by cavity quantum electrodynamics. This advancement in polariton research paves the way for novel applications, including quantum sources, enhanced photon-electron conversion efficiencies, and low-threshold lasing.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Dec. 20, 2024
- Vol. 13, Issue 1, 80 (2025)
Highly sensitive plasmonic nanoridge hyperbolic metamaterial for biosensing
Xinzhao Yue, Tao Wang, Yaohua Cai, Ruoqin Yan, Lu Wang, Huimin Wang, Enze Lv, Xuyang Yuan, Jinwei Zeng, Xuewen Shu, and Jian Wang
Artificially designed hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with extraordinary optical anisotropy can support highly sensitive plasmonic sensing detections, showcasing significant potential for advancements in medical research and clinical diagnostics. In this study, we develop a gold nanoridge HMM and disclose the plasmonic sensing physical mechanism based on this type of HMM through theoretical and experimental studies. We determine that the high modal group velocity of plasmonic guided modes stemming from a large transverse permittivity of HMMs directly results in high sensitivity. By combining electron-beam lithography, oxygen plasma etching, and electroplating, the fabricated gold nanoridge array possesses an extremely high structural filling ratio that is difficult to obtain through conventional processes. This leads to a large transverse permittivity and enables highly confined and ultra-sensitive bulk plasmon–polariton (BPP) guided modes. By exciting these modes in the visible to near-infrared region, we achieve a record sensitivity of 53,300 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 533. Furthermore, the developed plasmonic nanoridge HMM sensor exhibits an enhanced sensitivity of two orders of magnitude compared to that of the same type of HMM sensor in label-free biomolecule detection. Our study not only offers a promising avenue for label-free biosensing but also holds great potential to enhance early disease detection and monitoring. Artificially designed hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with extraordinary optical anisotropy can support highly sensitive plasmonic sensing detections, showcasing significant potential for advancements in medical research and clinical diagnostics. In this study, we develop a gold nanoridge HMM and disclose the plasmonic sensing physical mechanism based on this type of HMM through theoretical and experimental studies. We determine that the high modal group velocity of plasmonic guided modes stemming from a large transverse permittivity of HMMs directly results in high sensitivity. By combining electron-beam lithography, oxygen plasma etching, and electroplating, the fabricated gold nanoridge array possesses an extremely high structural filling ratio that is difficult to obtain through conventional processes. This leads to a large transverse permittivity and enables highly confined and ultra-sensitive bulk plasmon–polariton (BPP) guided modes. By exciting these modes in the visible to near-infrared region, we achieve a record sensitivity of 53,300 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 533. Furthermore, the developed plasmonic nanoridge HMM sensor exhibits an enhanced sensitivity of two orders of magnitude compared to that of the same type of HMM sensor in label-free biomolecule detection. Our study not only offers a promising avenue for label-free biosensing but also holds great potential to enhance early disease detection and monitoring.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Dec. 20, 2024
- Vol. 13, Issue 1, 113 (2025)
Dynamic near-field and far-field radiation manipulation using a reprogrammable guided-wave-excited metasurface
Shuang Peng, Fei Yang, Han Zhang, Zhan Yi Fu, Chen Xi Liu, Hai Ying Lu, Ya Ting Xie, Qian Yu, Rui Huang, Xiao Jian Fu, and Jun Wei Wu
The dynamic and integrated control of near- and far-field electromagnetic waves is essential for advancing emerging intelligent information technology. Metasurfaces, distinguished by their low-profile design, cost-effectiveness, and ease of fabrication, have successfully revolutionized various electromagnetic functions. However, current research on the dynamic integrated manipulation of near-field and far-field electromagnetic waves using a single metasurface remains relatively constrained, due to the complexity of element-level control, restricted dynamic tuning range, and tuning speed. Herein, we propose an element-level controlled, versatile, compact, and broadband platform allowing for the real-time electronic reconstruction of desired near/far-field electromagnetic wavefronts. This concept is achieved by precisely regulating the 1-bit amplitude coding pattern across a guided-wave-excited metasurface aperture loaded with PIN diodes, following our binary-amplitude holographic theory and modified Gerchberg–Saxton (G–S) algorithm. Consistent findings across calculations, simulations, and experiments highlight the metasurface’s robust performance in 2D beam scanning, frequency scanning, dynamic focusing lens, dynamic holography display, and 3D multiplexing holography, even under 1-bit control. This simplified and innovative metasurface architecture holds the promise of substantially propelling forthcoming investigations and applications of highly integrated, multifunctional, and intelligent platforms. The dynamic and integrated control of near- and far-field electromagnetic waves is essential for advancing emerging intelligent information technology. Metasurfaces, distinguished by their low-profile design, cost-effectiveness, and ease of fabrication, have successfully revolutionized various electromagnetic functions. However, current research on the dynamic integrated manipulation of near-field and far-field electromagnetic waves using a single metasurface remains relatively constrained, due to the complexity of element-level control, restricted dynamic tuning range, and tuning speed. Herein, we propose an element-level controlled, versatile, compact, and broadband platform allowing for the real-time electronic reconstruction of desired near/far-field electromagnetic wavefronts. This concept is achieved by precisely regulating the 1-bit amplitude coding pattern across a guided-wave-excited metasurface aperture loaded with PIN diodes, following our binary-amplitude holographic theory and modified Gerchberg–Saxton (G–S) algorithm. Consistent findings across calculations, simulations, and experiments highlight the metasurface’s robust performance in 2D beam scanning, frequency scanning, dynamic focusing lens, dynamic holography display, and 3D multiplexing holography, even under 1-bit control. This simplified and innovative metasurface architecture holds the promise of substantially propelling forthcoming investigations and applications of highly integrated, multifunctional, and intelligent platforms.
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Aug. 30, 2024
- Vol. 12, Issue 9, 2056 (2024)
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