Scattering matrix is an important parameter to describe the scattering characteristics of medium, which is sensitive to the physical and chemical properties of the medium. In order to investigate the feasibility of using this parameter to identify aerosols and obtain their physicochemical properties, an experimental measurement was designed to obtain the scattering matrices of the two aerosol samples of poly-alpha-olefin and sodium chloride, and the angular distribution of the two matrix elements was discussed. Furthermore, based on Mie scattering theory, the particle size distribution of poly-alpha-olefin aerosols was inversed using template matching method and the measurement results. The results show that based on the angular distribution of matrix elements, the two kinds of aerosols can be effectively identified and distinguished, and the physicochemical properties of aerosols can also be obtained by combining the correlation scattering model and inversion method. This research provides a method reference for aerosol identification and acquisition of physicochemical properties.