To ensure the imaging effectiveness of an aerial camera， an airtight optical window and a protector are designed in this study. The design process for the optical window is analyzed. Considerations， such as optical materials， optical thickness， pressure， and air-tight installation options， for the design of optical windows are discussed. To ensure that the optical window remains protected in the non-working state， a light window protector with a double hatch structure is designed to miniaturize the system. The stability of the airtight optical window and light window protector is tested by conducting simulation analysis and experiments. The system can work appropriately and exhibit good performance under an atmospheric pressure of 2 and in high- and low-temperature environments. The overall thickness of the optical window protector is 37 mm. The one-way time is 7.7 s， indicating a small opening or closing interval. The related analysis method ensures that the optical window design process is guided and makes the optical window design process more effective and reliable. The scheme proposed in this study provides a reference and technical support for the design and protection of aerial camera optical windows.