In this study, a high-speed digital holographic system is established for measuring the amount of burning particles. After processing the hologram, the evolution of the morphology and the fragmentation of bamboo powder are observed. Further, the ability of the system to track the three-dimensional trajectories of particles is validated. The size and speed distributions of the particles before and after combustion are compared, and the reconstruction results display high-quality images of bamboo powders having various morphologies. The statistical results denote that the number of small particles (diameter<30 μm) increases, whereas that of the big particles (diameter>50 μm) decreases after combustion. Subsequently, the distribution range of the radial speed of the particles is extended, and the axial speed denotes an overall increase with a bimodal distribution. The statistical results are observed to agree very well with the direct observations.