This paper firstly outlines the concept and characteristics of Bessel beams, as well as the commonly used laboratory generation methods, including the generation using a ring slit, using an axicon, and using a spatial light modulator, etc. The authors then summarize the applications of the Bessel beams in biomedical optical microscopy techniques in recent years, focusing on their applications in the fields of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, light-sheet fluorescence microimaging, Raman microimaging, and other techniques. The authors summarize the advantages of Bessel beams, including extended depth-of-field imaging based on diffraction-free properties, large-depth imaging based on self-reconfiguration properties, and high-resolution imaging based on finer-focused beams, and also analyze the solutions to eliminate the interference problems caused by side rings of the Bessel beam. In addition, the authors also briefly describe the exploration and application of Bessel beams in other imaging modalities, including the technical areas of optical coherent tomography, optical coherent elastography, photoacoustic imaging, second harmonic imaging, third harmonic imaging, and Fourier multiplexed fluorescence lifetime tomographic imaging. The article concludes with an analysis and discussion of the problems encountered in the application of Bessel beams in biomedical optical microscopy and the prospects for development.