Multi-parameter synchronous measurement of optical fiber is the key to accelerate the rapid development of optical fiber towards the direction of low loss, low nonlinearity, and so on. In this paper, a multi-parameter synchronous measurement method of single-mode fiber based on bidirectional Rayleigh scattering is proposed, which can realize synchronous and accurate measurement of fiber multi-parameter. Based on the principle of Rayleigh backscattering, the optical fiber multi-parameter measurement synchronous measurement system is established, and the distribution of parameters such as mode field diameter, effective mode field area, core diameter, relative refractive index difference, cut-off wavelength, and attenuation coefficient of 1 km optical fiber are successfully tested, and the measured values are 9.24 μm, 66.22 μm², 8.28 μm, 0.323%,1.258 μm, and 0.196 dB/km, respectively, and are compared with traditional measurement methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method is basically consistent with the traditional measurement method, and the multi-parameter distribution measurement is achieved and the measurement results are stable.