Fiber optic Raman biochemical sensor is a fiber optic sensor based on the principle of Raman scattering.It combines the advantages of Raman scattering spectroscopy technology and fiber optic transmission and has the characteristics of high sensitivity, strong specificity, small size, real-time speed, and unlabeled detection. It can be widely used in the detection of low-concentration analytes in the field of biochemical detection. The basic principle,structure, and working mode of optical fiber Raman biosensors are introduced. Starting from its practical applications in food safety, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and other fields, the preparation process of optical fiber Raman probes with different structures and the detection limits of actual analytes are emphatically introduced. In addition, the current challenges and future development directions of fiber optic Raman biosensors were summarized, and further discussions were conducted on how to improve the performance of fiber optic Raman sensors.