As greener and carbon-friendly material, geopolymer grouting material has a broad application potential in the field of road grouting and is expected to replace cement grouting material in the future. In order to explore the effects of the kinds and dosages of each composition on the performance of geopolymer grouting materials, three kinds of silica-aluminum sources (fly ash, slag powder and coal gangue powder) were used to prepare road geopolymer grouting materials by different alkali activators. The mix proportion range of road geopolymer grouting materials was optimized by single factor test. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the phase composition, micro morphology, energy spectrum and chemical bond composition of road geopolymer grouting materials. The results show that road geopolymer grouting material with the best performance is prepared with fly ash and slag powder as raw materials, KOH and sodium silicate solution as composite alkali activator. The recommended mix proportion range of road geopolymer grouting material is: fly ash and slag powder mass ratio is 4∶6, sodium silicate dosage is 10%~15% (mass fraction), KOH dosage is 5%~11% (mass fraction), water-cement ratio is 0.50~0.65. The fly ash and slag powder are dissolved and regenerated by alkali activation to form amorphous gel products such as C-(A)-S-H, and finally formed SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedron network structure, accompanied by zeolite like phase, carbonate, calcium hydroxide and other substances. These substances can make geopolymer paste compact and promote its strength growth.