For autonomous mobile robot navigation in long-distance complex environments, RatSLAM, which simulates rat brain, is more efficient than traditional SLAM.However, it completely relies on visual information, resulting in its low accuracy and insufficient reliability.By introducing polarization skylight for orientation, which efficiently provides precise absolute heading angles, RatSLAM can be compensated.A polarization skylight bionic rat brain navigation system and an experimental platform are designed.The performance of the system is verified through outdoor road experiments, and is compared with that of the RatSLAM.The experimental results show that the mean position errors of the polarization skylight bionic rat brain navigation system and RatSLAM are respectively 3.65 m and 26.29 m, and the mean angle errors are respectively 0.36° and 2.39°.This system reduces cumulative error and achieves efficient, robust and lightweight autonomous navigation.