In this study, we propose a lensless coding edge enhancement imaging technology based on a spiral zone aperture whose system comprises a spiral zone aperture and an image sensor. A captured image is reconstructed by backpropagation. In backpropagation, isotropic edge enhancement imaging can be realized by taking the intensity value, whereas anisotropic edge enhancement imaging can be realized by taking the real or imaginary part. The theoretical derivation and verification of the anisotropy edge enhancement imaging achieved by taking the real part are performed, and an initial phase factor is introduced to realize the anisotropic edge enhancement imaging with selective directions. Our numerical simulations and experimental results verify the consistency between theoretical analysis and experimental results, and a quantitative comparative analysis is performed for the edge enhancement reconstruction results using the lensless imaging system with Fresnel and spiral zone apertures respectively. The results verify that a spiral zone aperture is more suitable for edge enhancement imaging. The proposed technology can be applied to intelligent recognition, defect detection, and virtual reality tasks.