[1] Song J F, Chen J, Xiong X M, Peng X D, Chen D L and Pan F S 2022 Research advances of magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide in 2021 J. Magnes. Alloys 10 63–98
[2] ZhuQC,LiYX,CaoFY, QiuD,YangY, WangJY, Zhang H, Ying T, Ding W J and Zeng X Q 2022 Towards development of a high-strength stainless Mg alloy with Al-assisted growth of passive film Nat. Commun. 13 5838
[3] Wang Z H, Wang J F, Lin X, Kang N, Zhang T C, Wang Y F, Wang L, Dang C and Huang W D 2023 Solidification microstructure evolution and its correlations with mechanical properties and damping capacities of Mg-Al-based alloy fabricated using wire and arc additive manufacturing J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 144 28–44
[4] Zhou H, Liang B, Jiang H T, Deng Z L and Yu K X 2021 Magnesium-based biomaterials as emerging agents for bone repair and regeneration: from mechanism to application J. Magnes. Alloys 9 779–804
[5] Uppal G, Thakur A, Chauhan A and Bala S 2022 Magnesium based implants for functional bone tissue regeneration—a review J. Magnes. Alloys 10 356–86
[6] Yang Y, Xiong X M, Chen J, Peng X D, Chen D L and Pan F S 2021 Research advances in magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide in 2020 J. Magnes. Alloys 9 705–47
[7] International Mg Society 2021 Grand award (available at: www.imsmg.org/Award/index.aspx)
[8] International Magnesium Association (IMA) 2023 2020 IMA awards of excellence showcase (available at: www. intlmag.org/page/showcase2020)
[9] WeiC,ZhangZZ,ChengDX,SunZ,ZhuMH andLiL 2021 An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro-to micro-scales Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 3 012003
[10] SuiS,Chew Y, WengF, Tan CL,DuZLandBiGJ2022 Study of the intrinsic mechanisms of nickel additive for grain refinement and strength enhancement of laser aided additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 4 035102
[11] ZhuZG,HuZH,SeetHL,LiuTT, LiaoWH, Ramamurty U and Nai S M L 2023 Recent progress on the additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys and aluminum matrix composites: microstructure, properties, and applications Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 190 104047
[12] Tan C L, Deng C, Li S, Abena A, Jamshidi P, Essa K, Wu LK, XuGH, AttallahM M andLiu J 2022 Mechanical property and biological behaviour of additive manufactured TiNi functionally graded lattice structure Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 4 045003
[13] Tan C L, Weng F, Sui S, Chew Y and Bi G J 2021 Progress and perspectives in laser additive manufacturing of key aeroengine materials Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 170 103804
[14] Zhang T L, Huang Z H, Yang T, Kong H J, Luan J H, WangA D, Wang D,Kuo W, WangY Z and Liu CT 2021 In situ design of advanced titanium alloy with concentration modulations by additive manufacturing Science 374 478–82
[15] Gu D D, Shi X Y, Poprawe R, Bourell D L, Setchi R and Zhu J H 2021 Material-structure-performance integrated laser-metal additive manufacturing Science 372 eabg1487
[16] Hu S S, Zhang H, Wang Z J, Liang Y and Liu Y Q 2016 The arc characteristics of cold metal transfer welding with AZ31 magnesium alloy wire J. Manuf. Process. 24 298–306
[17] Wang C M, Shuai Y, Yang Y W, Zeng D, Liang X W, Peng S P and Shuai C J 2022 Amorphous magnesium alloy with high corrosion resistance fabricated by laser powder bed fusion J. Alloys Compd. 897 163247
[18] Kaljevic A and Demir A G 2022 Influence of shielding gas flow on the μLMWD of biodegradable Mg alloy and permanent stainless steel for additive manufacturing of biomedical implants Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 119 4877–91
[19] Palanivel S, Nelaturu P, Glass B and Mishra R S 2015 Friction stir additive manufacturing for high structural performance through microstructural control in an Mg based WE43 alloy Mater. Des. 65 934–52
[20] Joshi S S, Patil S M, Mazumder S, Sharma S, Riley D A, Dowden S, Banerjee R and Dahotre N B 2022 Additive friction stir deposition of AZ31B magnesium alloy J. Magnes. Alloys 10 2404–20
[21] Kuah K X, Blackwood D J, Ong W K, Salehi M, Seet H L, Nai M L S and Wijesinghe S 2022 Analysis of the corrosion performance of binder jet additive manufactured magnesium alloys for biomedical applications J. Magnes. Alloys 10 1296–310
[22] Liu S and Guo H J 2020 A review of SLMed magnesium alloys: processing, properties, alloying elements and postprocessing Metals 10 1073
[23] Karunakaran R, Ortgies S, Tamayol A, Bobaru F and Sealy M P 2020 Additive manufacturing of magnesium alloys Bioact. Mater. 5 44–54
[24] Manakari V, Parande G and Gupta M 2017 Selective laser melting of magnesium and magnesium alloy powders: a review Metals 7 2
[25] Sezer N, Evis Z and Ko. M 2021 Additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium implants and scaffolds: review of the recent advances and research trends J. Magnes. Alloys 9 392–415
[26] Zhang W N, Wang L Z, Feng Z X and Chen Y M 2020 Research progress on selective laser melting (SLM) of magnesium alloys: a review Optik 207 163842
[27] Zamani Y, Ghazanfari H, Erabi G, Moghanian A, Faki′c B, Hosseini S M and Mahammod P 2021 A review of additive manufacturing of Mg-based alloys and composite implants J. Compos. Compd. 3 71–83
[28] Zeng Z R, Salehi M, Kopp A, Xu S W, Esmaily M and Birbilis N 2022 Recent progress and perspectives in additive manufacturing of magnesium alloys J. Magnes. Alloys 10 1511–41
[29] Liu J G and Wen P 2022 Metal vaporization and its influence during laser powder bed fusion process Mater. Des. 215 110505
[30] Babu A P, Kairy S K, Huang A and Birbilis N 2020 Laser powder bed fusion of high solute Al-Zn-Mg alloys: processing, characterisation and properties Mater. Des. 196 109183
[31] LiG,LiXW, GuoC,ZhouY, Tan QY, QuWY, LiXG, Hu X G, Zhang M X and Zhu Q 2022 Investigation into the effect of energy density on densification, surface roughness and loss of alloying elements of 7075 aluminium alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion Opt. Laser Technol. 147 107621
[32] Wei K W, Wang Z M and Zeng X Y 2016 Element loss of AZ91D magnesium alloy during selective laser melting process Acta Metall. Sin. 52 184–90
[33] DengQC,Wu YJ,LuoYH,SuN,XueXY, ChangZY, Wu Q Y, Xue Y T and Peng L M 2020 Fabrication of high-strength Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloy via selective laser melting Mater. Charact. 165 110377
[34] Wei K W, Wang Z M and Zeng X Y 2015 Influence of element vaporization on formability, composition, microstructure, and mechanical performance of the selective laser melted Mg–Zn–Zr components Mater. Lett. 156 187–90
[35] Wang W L, He L, Yang X and Wang D 2021 Research on the formation process of selective laser melting Mg–Y–Sm–Zn–Zr alloy Mater. Sci. Technol. 37 174–81
[36] Attarzadeh F and Asadi E 2022 Analysis of element loss, densification, and defects in laser-based powder-bed fusion of magnesium alloy WE43 J. Magnes. Alloys 10 2118–36
[37] Zhang G H, Chen J, Zheng M, Yan Z Y, Lu X F, Lin X and Huang W D 2020 Element vaporization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during selective laser melting Metals 10 435
[38] DengQC,Wu YJ,Wu QY, XueYT, ZhangY, PengLM and Ding W J 2022 Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a high-strength Mg-10Gd-3Y–1Zn-0.4Zr alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 49 102517
[39] DengQC,Wu YJ,ZhuWX,ChenK,LiuDZ,PengLM and Ding W J 2022 Effect of heat treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Mg-11Gd-2Zn-0.4Zr alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. A 829 142139
[40] Zhang H, Hu S S, Wang Z J and Liang Y 2015 The effect of welding speed on microstructures of cold metal transfer deposited AZ31 magnesium alloy clad Mater. Des. 86 894–901
[41] Benn F, D’Elia F, van Gaalen K, Li M Z, Malinov S and Kopp A 2022 Printability, mechanical and degradation properties of Mg-(x)Zn elemental powder mixes processed by laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. Lett. 2 100025
[42] LiuJG,YinBZ,SunZR,Wen P, ZhengYFandTianY 2021 Hot cracking in ZK60 magnesium alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion process Mater. Lett. 301 130283
[43] NiuXM,ShenHY, XuGH,ZhangLC,FuJZand Deng X L 2019 Effect of aluminium content and processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder-bed fused magnesium-aluminium (0, 3, 6, 9wt%) powder mixture Rapid Prototyp. J. 25 744–51
[44] WeiKW, ZengXY, WangZM,DengJF, LiuMN, Huang G and Yuan X C 2019 Selective laser melting of Mg-Zn binary alloys: effects of Zn content on densification behavior, microstructure, and mechanical property Mater. Sci. Eng. A 756 226–36
[45] Liang J W, Lei Z L, Chen Y B, Wu S B, Chen X, Jiang M and Cao S Y 2022 Formability, microstructure, and thermal crack characteristics of selective laser melting of ZK60 magnesium alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. A 839 142858
[46] LiangJW, LeiZL,ChenYB,FuWJ,ChenXandMa SC 2022 Elimination of extraordinarily high cracking susceptibility of ZK60 Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion Mater. Lett. 312 131731
[47] Wu C L, Zai W and Man H C 2021 Additive manufacturing of ZK60 magnesium alloy by selective laser melting: parameter optimization, microstructure and biodegradability Mater. Today Commun. 26 101922
[48] Nilsson .hman H, Thorsson L, Mellin P, Lindwall G and Persson C 2022 An enhanced understanding of the powder bed fusion-laser beam processing of Mg-Y3.9wt%-Nd3wt%-Zr0.5wt% (WE43) alloy through thermodynamic modeling and experimental characterization Materials 15 417
[49] Hyer H, Zhou L, Benson G, McWilliams B, Cho K and Sohn Y 2020 Additive manufacturing of dense WE43 Mg alloy by laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 33 101123
[50] LiuJG et al 2022 Biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 porous scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion for orthopedic applications: process optimization, in vitro and in vivo investigation Bioact. Mater. 16 301–19
[51] Esmaily M et al 2020 A detailed microstructural and corrosion analysis of magnesium alloy WE43 manufactured by selective laser melting Addit. Manuf. 35 101321
[52] CaoQH,QiBJ,ZengCY, ZhangRZ,HeBC,QiZW, Wang F D, Wang H B and Cong B Q 2022 Achieving equiaxed microstructure and isotropic mechanical properties of additively manufactured AZ31 magnesium alloy via ultrasonic frequency pulsed arc J. Alloys Compd. 909 164742
[53] Ying T, Zhao Z X, Yan P F, Wang J Y and Zeng X Q 2022 Effect of fabrication parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured AZ61 alloy Mater. Lett. 307 131014
[54] Takagi H, Sasahara H, Abe T, Sannomiya H, Nishiyama S, Ohta S and Nakamura K 2018 Material-property evaluation of magnesium alloys fabricated using wire-and-arc-based additive manufacturing Addit. Manuf. 24 498–507
[55] Wei K W, Gao M, Wang Z M and Zeng X Y 2014 Effect of energy input on formability, microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted AZ91D magnesium alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. A 611 212–22
[56] Martin A A et al 2019 Dynamics of pore formation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Nat. Commun. 10 1987
[57] Huang Y Z, Fleming T G, Clark S J, Marussi S, Fezzaa K, Thiyagalingam J, Leung C L A and Lee P D 2022 Keyhole fluctuation and pore formation mechanisms during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Nat. Commun. 13 1170
[58] FangXW, YangJN,WangSP, WangCB,HuangK,LiHN and Lu B H 2022 Additive manufacturing of high performance AZ31 magnesium alloy with full equiaxed grains: microstructure, mechanical property, and electromechanical corrosion performance J. Mater. Process. Technol. 300 117430
[59] Zumdick N A, Jauer L, Kersting L C, Kutz T N, Schleifenbaum J H and Zander D 2019 Additive manufactured WE43 magnesium: a comparative study of the microstructure and mechanical properties with those of powder extruded and as-cast WE43 Mater. Charact. 147 384–97
[60] Wang X C, Chen C J and Zhang M 2020 Effect of laser power on formability, microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Mg-Al-Zn alloy Rapid Prototyp. J. 26 841–54
[61] LiuS,YangWS,ShiX,LiB,DuanSC,GuoHJandGuoJ 2019 Influence of laser process parameters on the densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a selective laser melted AZ61 magnesium alloy J. Alloys Compd. 808 151160
[62] Liu S and Guo H J 2020 Balling behavior of selective laser melting (SLM) magnesium alloy Materials 13 3632
[63] Julmi S, Abel A, Gerdes N, Hoff C, Hermsdorf J, Overmeyer L, Klose C and Maier H J 2021 Development of a laser powder bed fusion process tailored for the additive manufacturing of high-quality components made of the commercial magnesium alloy WE43 Materials 14 887
[64] Niu X M, Shen H Y, Fu J Z and Feng J W 2021 Effective control of microstructure evolution in AZ91D magnesium alloy by SiC nanoparticles in laser powder-bed fusion Mater. Des. 206 109787
[65] DengQC,Wu YJ,SuN,ChangZY, ChenJ,PengLMand Ding W J 2021 Influence of friction stir processing and aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Mg-Gd-Zr alloy Addit. Manuf. 44 102036
[66] Gangireddy S, Gwalani B, Liu K M, Faierson E J and Mishra R S 2019 Microstructure and mechanical behavior of an additive manufactured (AM) WE43-Mg alloy Addit. Manuf. 26 53–64
[67] NiuXM,ShenHY, FuJZ,Yan JWandWangY2019 Corrosion behaviour of laser powder bed fused bulk pure magnesium in Hank’s solution Corros. Sci. 157 284–94
[68] HeCX et al 2017 Microstructure evolution and biodegradation behavior of laser rapid solidified Mg–Al–Zn alloy Metals 7 105
[69] Zhang J L, Song B, Wei Q S, Bourell D and Shi Y S 2019 A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: processing, microstructure, property and developing trends J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 270–84
[70] Fu J, Li H, Song X and Fu M W 2022 Multi-scale defects in powder-based additively manufactured metals and alloys J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 122 165–99
[71] Wang P, Zhang H Z, Zhu H, Li Q Z and Feng M N 2021 Wire-arc additive manufacturing of AZ31 magnesium alloy fabricated by cold metal transfer heat source: processing, microstructure, and mechanical behavior J. Mater. Process. Technol. 288 116895
[72] YangYW, LuCF, PengSP, ShenLD,WangD,QiFWand Shuai C J 2020 Laser additive manufacturing of Mg-based composite with improved degradation behaviour Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 15 278–93
[73] DengQC,WangXC,LanQ,ChangZY, LiuZH, SuN, Wu Y J,LiuD Z, PengL MandDing W J 2022 Limitations of linear energy density for laser powder bed fusion of Mg-15Gd-1Zn-0.4Zr alloy Mater. Charact. 190 112071
[74] LiXZ,FangXW, WangSP, WangSQ,ZhaMand Huang K 2022 Selective laser melted AZ91D magnesium alloy with superior balance of strength and ductility J. Magnes. Alloys accepted (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.06.004)
[75] Han S, Zielewski M, Martinez Holguin D, Michel Parra M and Kim N 2018 Optimization of AZ91D process and corrosion resistance using wire arc additive manufacturing Appl. Sci. 8 1306
[76] YangYW, Wu P, LinX,LiuY, BianH,ZhouYZ,GaoCD and Shuai C J 2016 System development, formability quality and microstructure evolution of selective laser-melted magnesium Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 11 173–81
[77] Suchy J, Horynová M, Klakurková L, Palousek D, Koutny D and Celko L 2020 Effect of laser parameters on processing of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 via selective laser melting method Materials 13 2623
[78] Klein T, Arnoldt A, Schnall M and Gneiger S 2021 Microstructure formation and mechanical properties of a wire-arc additive manufactured magnesium alloy JOM 73 1126–34
[79] ShuaiCJ,HeCX,FengP, GuoW, GaoCD,Wu P, Yang Y W and Bin S 2018 Biodegradation mechanisms of selective laser-melted Mg–xAl–Zn alloy: grain size and intermetallic phase Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 13 59–69
[80] Sorkhi L, Hammell J J and Crawford G A 2020 Effect of interlayer interval time on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured WE43 Mg alloy Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51 4390–405
[81] LiJW et al 2023 Effect of grain refinement induced by wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM) on the corrosion behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution J. Magnes. Alloys 11 217–29
[82] B.r F, Berger L, Jauer L, Kurtuldu G, Sch.ublin R, Schleifenbaum J H and L.ffler J F 2019 Laser additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43: a detailed microstructure analysis Acta Biomater. 98 36–49
[83] Li Y, Jahr H, Zhang X Y, Leeflang M A, Li W, Pouran B, Tichelaar F D, Weinans H, Zhou J and Zadpoor A A 2019 Biodegradation-affected fatigue behavior of additively manufactured porous magnesium Addit. Manuf. 28 299–311
[84] Zhang Z, Wang L Q, Zhang R Z, Yin D Z, Zhao Z Y, Bai P K, Liu B and Wang F D 2022 Effect of solution annealing on microstructures and corrosion behavior of wire and arc additive manufactured AZ91 magnesium alloy in sodium chloride solution J. Mater. Res. Technol. 18 416–27
[85] FuPH,WangNQ,LiaoHG,XuWY, PengLM,ChenJ, Hu G Q and Ding W J 2021 Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength Mg.15Gd.1Zn.0.4Zr alloy additive-manufactured by selective laser melting process Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31 1969–78
[86] Wang W L, Yang X, Wang K K and He L 2021 Research on solidification behavior of selective laser melted Mg-Y-Sm-Zn-Zr alloy: from molten pool to cubic sample Mater. Today Commun. 28 102517
[87] HuYL,LinX,LuXF, ZhangSY, YangHO,WeiLand Huang W D 2018 Evolution of solidification microstructure and dynamic recrystallisation of Inconel 625 during laser solid forming process J. Mater. Sci. 53 15650–66
[88] Robinson T W, Williams M B, Rao H M, Kinser R P, Allison P G and Jordon J B 2022 Microstructural and mechanical properties of a solid-state additive manufactured magnesium alloy J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 144 061013
[89] ChengSX,LiuFC,XuY, LiCY, LiuFG,LinXand Zheng H Z 2023 Effects of arc oscillation on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy prepared by CMT wire-arc directed energy deposition Mater. Sci. Eng. A 864 144539
[90] Gneiger S, .sterreicher J A, Arnoldt A R, Birgmann A and Fehlbier M 2020 Development of a high strength magnesium alloy for wire arc additive manufacturing Metals 10 778
[91] ZhenYH,ShenJQ,HuSS,BiJ,YinFLandBuXZ2021 Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy CMT cladding layer Mater. Lett. 282 128701
[92] Wang X C, Chen C J and Zhang M 2020 Effect of Cu addition and heat treatment on the microstructure and microwear of selective laser melted Mg–Al–Zn alloy Appl. Phys. A 126 714
[93] XieB,ZhaoMC,XuR,ZhaoYC,YinDF, GaoCDand Atrens A 2021 Biodegradation, antibacterial performance, and cytocompatibility of a novel ZK30-Cu-Mn biomedical alloy produced by selective laser melting Int. J. Bioprinting 7 300
[94] XieB,ZhaoMC,ZhaoYC,TianY, YinDF, GaoCD, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2020 Effect of alloying Mn by selective laser melting on the microstructure and biodegradation properties of pure Mg Metals 10 1527
[95] ShuaiCJ,LiuL,GaoCD,YangWJ,ZhaoZY, Tan Yand Liao W W 2020 Mn-promoting formation of a long-period stacking-ordered phase in laser-melted Mg alloys to enhance degradation resistance Mater. Corros. 71 553–63
[96] XuR,ZhaoMC,ZhaoYC,LiuL,LiuC,GaoCD, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2019 Improved biodegradation resistance by grain refinement of novel antibacterial ZK30-Cu alloys produced via selective laser melting Mater. Lett. 237 253–7
[97] LiuL,MaHT, GaoCD,ShuaiCJandPengSP2020 Island-to-acicular alteration of second phase enhances the degradation resistance of biomedical AZ61 alloy J. Alloys Compd. 835 155397
[98] Long T, Zhang X H, Huang Q L, Liu L, Liu Y, Ren J Y, Yin Y, Wu D K and Wu H 2018 Novel Mg-based alloys by selective laser melting for biomedical applications: microstructure evolution, microhardness and in vitro degradation behaviour Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 13 71–81
[99] Wang X C, Chen C J and Zhang M 2021 Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and micro-wear resistance of selective laser melted Mg-Al-Zn alloy with La2O3 addition J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 30 2316–28
[100] Tao JX,ZhaoMC,ZhaoYC,YinDF, LiuL,Gao CD, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2020 Influence of graphene oxide (GO) on microstructure and biodegradation of ZK30-xGO composites prepared by selective laser melting J. Magnes. Alloys 8 952–62
[101] Wang Q M, Wu G H and Tong X 2022 An investigation into wire arc additive manufacturing of Mg-Y-RE-Zr alloy Mater. Lett. 326 132922
[102] ZhengDD,LiZ,JiangYL,LiRK,Wu YJ,Tu YX, Cheng X, Fu P H, Peng L M and Tang H B 2022 Effect of multiple thermal cycles on the microstructure evolution of GA151K alloy fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition Addit. Manuf. 57 102957
[103] Wang W L, He L, Yang X and Wang D 2021 Microstructure and microhardness mechanism of selective laser melting Mg-Y-Sm-Zn-Zr alloy J. Alloys Compd. 868 159107
[104] Riekehr S, Ventzke V, Konovalovna A, Kashaev N and Enz J 2018 Microstructural characteristics of laser metal deposited magnesium alloy AZ31 Mater. Sci. Forum 941 1004–9
[105] GuoYY, Pan HH,RenLBandQuanGF2019 Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured AZ80M magnesium alloy Mater. Lett. 247 4–6
[106] Deng M C, Sui S, Yao B, Ma L, Lin X and Chen J 2022 Microstructure and room-temperature tensile property of Ti-5.7Al-4.0Sn-3.5Zr-0.4Mo-0.4Si-0.4Nb-1.0Ta-0.05C with near equiaxed β grain fabricated by laser directed energy deposition technique J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 101 308–20
[107] Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhao Z, Tan H, Lin X and Huang W D 2016 Microstructure and anisotropic tensile behavior of laser additive manufactured TC21 titanium alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. A 673 204–12
[108] StJohn D H, Qian M, Easton M A, Cao P and Hildebrand Z 2005 Grain refinement of magnesium alloys Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36 1669–79
[109] Ali Y, Qiu D, Jiang B, Pan F S and Zhang M X 2015 Current research progress in grain refinement of cast magnesium alloys: a review article J. Alloys Compd. 619 639–51
[110] Wang Y X, Zeng X Q, Ding W J, Luo A A and Sachdev A K 2007 Grain refinement of AZ31 magnesium alloy by titanium and low-frequency electromagnetic casting Metall. Mater. Trans. A 38 1358–66
[111] GuoJ,ZhouY, LiuCM,Wu QR,ChenXPandLuJP2016 Wire arc additive manufacturing of AZ31 magnesium alloy: grain refinement by adjusting pulse frequency Materials 9 823
[112] Qian M, Cao P, Easton M A, McDonald S D and StJohn D H 2010 An analytical model for constitutional supercooling-driven grain formation and grain size prediction Acta Mater. 58 3262–70
[113] Elsayed A, D’Elia F, Ravindran C and Sediako D 2022 Observing the effect of grain refinement on crystal growth of Al and Mg alloys during solidification using in-situ neutron diffraction Metals 12 793
[114] Balasubramani N, Wang G, Easton M A, StJohn D H and Dargusch M S 2021 A comparative study of the role of solute, potent particles and ultrasonic treatment during solidification of pure Mg, Mg–Zn and Mg–Zr alloys J. Magnes. Alloys 9 829–39
[115] Johnsson M 1995 Grain refinement of aluminium studied by use of a thermal analytical technique Thermochim. Acta 256 107–21
[116] Cao P, Qian M and StJohn D H 2005 Native grain refinement of magnesium alloys Scr. Mater. 53 841–4
[117] Ng C C, Savalani M M, Lau M L and Man H C 2011 Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted magnesium Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 7447–54
[118] XuWY, FuPH,WangNQ,YangL,PengLM,ChenJand Ding W J 2022 Effects of processing parameters on fabrication defects, microstructure and mechanical properties of additive manufactured Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr alloy by selective laser melting process J. Magnes. Alloys accepted (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.005)
[119] Qian M and Cao P 2005 Discussions on grain refinement of magnesium alloys by carbon inoculation Scr. Mater. 52 415–9
[120] Pawlak A, Rosienkiewicz M and Chlebus E 2017 Design of experiments approach in AZ31 powder selective laser melting process optimization Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 17 9–18
[121] Gao C D, Zeng Z H, Peng S P, Tan W and Shuai C J 2021 A continuous MgF2 network structure encapsulated mg alloy prepared by selective laser melting for enhanced biodegradation resistance Adv. Eng. Mater. 23 2100389
[122] Guo Y Y, Quan G F, Celikin M, Ren L B, Zhan Y H, Fan L L and Pan H H 2022 Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80M magnesium alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing J. Magnes. Alloys 10 1930–40
[123] GuoYY, QuanGF, JiangYL,RenLB,Fan LLand Pan H H 2021 Formability, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured AZ80M magnesium alloy using gas tungsten arc welding J. Magnes. Alloys 9 192–201
[124] Liu S and Guo H J 2020 Influence of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on mechanical properties of magnesium alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) Mater. Lett. 265 127463
[125] Yang X, Liu J R, Wang Z N, Lin X, Liu F C, Huang W D and Liang E Q 2020 Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured AZ31 magnesium alloy using cold metal transfer process Mater. Sci. Eng. A 774 138942
[126] Zhu Z, Zhang M and Chen C 2019 Effect of selective laser melting on microstructure and properties of AZ91D alloy Mater. Werkst. 50 1484–94
[127] BiJ,ShenJQ,HuSS,ZhenYH,YinFLandBuXZ2020 Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy fabricated by cold metal transfer additive manufacturing Mater. Lett. 276 128185
[128] Martinez Holguin D A, Han S and Kim N P 2018 Magnesium alloy 3D printing by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) MRS Adv. 3 2959–64
[129] Lovasiová P, Lovasi T, Kubásek J, Jablonská E, Msallamová S, Michalcová A, Vojtech D, Such′y J, Koutn′y D and Ghassan Hamed Alzubi E 2022 Biodegradable WE43 magnesium alloy produced by selective laser melting: mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and in-vitro cytotoxicity Metals 12 469
[130] Salehi M, Maleksaeedi S, Farnoush H, Sharon N M L, Meenashisundaram G K and Gupta M 2018 An investigation into interaction between magnesium powder and Ar gas: implications for selective laser melting of magnesium Powder Technol. 333 252–61
[131] Tong X, Wu G H, Easton M A, Sun M, Wang Q M and Zhang L 2023 Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism of Mg-Y-RE-Zr alloy fabricated by quasi-directed energy deposition Addit. Manuf. 67 103487
[132] Li M Z, Benn F, Derra T, Kr.ger N, Zinser M, Smeets R, Molina-Aldareguia J M, Kopp A and Llorca J 2021 Microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of WE43 Mg alloy scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion for biomedical applications Mater. Sci. Eng. C 119 111623
[133] Xie K et al 2022 Additively manufactured biodegradable porous magnesium implants for elimination of implant-related infections: an in vitro and in vivo study Bioact. Mater. 8 140–52
[134] Yuan XC,LiuMN,WeiKW, LiFZ,LiXYandZengXY 2022 Defect, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Gd binary alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting Mater. Sci. Eng. A 850 143572
[135] Li Y et al 2018 Additively manufactured biodegradable porous magnesium Acta Biomater. 67 378–92
[136] Nie J F 2012 Precipitation and hardening in magnesium alloys Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 3891–939
[137] Kim J K, Jin L, Sandl.bes S and Raabe D 2017 Diffusional-displacive transformation enables formation of long-period stacking order in magnesium Sci. Rep. 7 4046
[138] Gu X F, Furuhara T, Chen L and Yang P 2019 Solute clusters/enrichment at the early stage of ageing in Mg–Zn–Gd alloys studied by atom probe tomography Acta Metall. Sin. 32 187–93
[139] Meier J M, Caris J and Luo A A 2022 Towards high strength cast Mg-RE based alloys: phase diagrams and strengthening mechanisms J. Magnes. Alloys 10 1401–27
[140] XieB,ZhaoMC,Tao JX,ZhaoYC,YinDF, Gao CD, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2021 Comparison of the biodegradation of ZK30 subjected to solid solution treating and selective laser melting J. Mater. Res. Technol. 10 722–9
[141] LiangJW, LeiZL,ChenYB,FuWJ,Wu SB,ChenXand Yang Y C 2022 Microstructure evolution of laser powder bed fusion ZK60 Mg alloy after different heat treatment J. Alloys Compd. 898 163046
[142] LiangJW, LeiZL,ChenYB,Wu SB,BiJandTianZ2020 Mechanical properties of selective laser melted ZK60 alloy enhanced by nanoscale precipitates with core-shell structure Mater. Lett. 263 127232
[143] Shuai C J, Zhou Y Z, Yang Y W, Gao C D, Peng S P and Wang G Y 2018 Ag-introduced antibacterial ability and corrosion resistance for bio-Mg alloys Biomed. Res. Int. 2018 6023460
[144] Shuai C J, Liu L, Zhao M C, Feng P, Yang Y W, Guo W, Gao C D and Yuan F L 2018 Microstructure, biodegradation, antibacterial and mechanical properties of ZK60-Cu alloys prepared by selective laser melting technique J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 1944–52
[145] Pawlak A, Szymczyk P E, Kurzynowski T and Chlebus E 2020 Selective laser melting of magnesium AZ31B alloy powder Rapid Prototyp. J. 26 249–58
[146] Proa.no B, Miyahara H, Matsumoto T, Hamada S, Sakai H, Ogawa K, Suyalatu N and Noguchi H 2019 Weakest region analysis of non-combustible Mg products fabricated by selective laser melting Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 103 102291
[147] WeiJX,HeCS,QieMF, LiY, TianN,QinGWandZuoL 2023 Achieving high performance of wire arc additive manufactured Mg–Y–Nd alloy assisted by interlayer friction stir processing J. Mater. Process. Technol. 311 117809
[148] CaoQH,ZengCY, QiBJ,JiangZH,ZhangRZ,WangFD and Cong B Q 2023 Excellent isotropic mechanical properties of directed energy deposited Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys via establishing homogeneous equiaxed grains embedded with dispersed nano-precipitation Addit. Manuf. 67 103498
[149] NiC,ZhuKY, Fan JK,PengY, YangDQandWangKH 2022 Microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG arc additive manufacturing of AZ91 magnesium alloy Chin. J. Nonferrous Met. 32 692–9
[150] ChangC,LiaoHL,YiL,DaiYL,CoxSC,Yan M,LiuM and Yan X C 2023 Achieving ultra-high strength and ductility in Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.5Mn alloy via selective laser melting Adv. Powder Mater. 2 100097
[151] LiXZ,ZhangMG,FangXW, LiZX,JiaoGHand Huang K 2023 Improved strength-ductility synergy of directed energy deposited AZ31 magnesium alloy with cryogenic cooling mode Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 18 e2170252
[152] Wegner N, Kotzem D, Wessarges Y, Emminghaus N, Hoff C, Tenkamp J, Hermsdorf J, Overmeyer L and Walther F 2019 Corrosion and corrosion fatigue properties of additively manufactured magnesium alloy WE43 in comparison to titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V in physiological environment Materials 12 2892
[153] ShuaiCJ,YangWJ,YangYW, GaoCD,HeCXandPanH 2019 A continuous net-like eutectic structure enhances the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys Int. J. Bioprinting 5 207
[154] Shuai C J, Wang B, Yang Y W, Peng S P and Gao C D 2019 3D honeycomb nanostructure-encapsulated magnesium alloys with superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties Composites B 162 611–20
[155] Gu X N, Li N, Zheng Y F and Ruan L Q 2011 In vitro degradation performance and biological response of a Mg–Zn–Zr alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. B 176 1778–84
[156] Shuai C J, Yang Y W, Wu P, Lin X, Liu Y, Zhou Y Z, Feng P, Liu X Y and Peng S P 2017 Laser rapid solidification improves corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Zr alloy J. Alloys Compd. 691 961–9
[157] Song G L and Xu Z Q 2010 The surface, microstructure and corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet Electrochim. Acta 55 4148–61
[158] YangYW, LuCF, ShenLD,ZhaoZY, PengSPand Shuai C J 2023 In-situ deposition of apatite layer to protect Mg-based composite fabricated via laser additive manufacturing J. Magnes. Alloys 11 629–40
[159] Benn F et al 2021 Influence of surface condition on the degradation behaviour and biocompatibility of additively manufactured WE43 Mater. Sci. Eng. C 124 112016
[160] Dobkowska A et al 2022 A comparison of the microstructure-dependent corrosion of dual-structured Mg-Li alloys fabricated by powder consolidation methods: laser powder bed fusion vs pulse plasma sintering J. Magnes. Alloys 10 3553–64
[161] Kopp A, Derra T, Müther M, Jauer L, Schleifenbaum J H, Voshage M, Jung O, Smeets R and Kr.ger N 2019 Influence of design and postprocessing parameters on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of additively manufactured magnesium scaffolds Acta Biomater. 98 23–35
[162] Wang Y C, Fu P H, Wang N Q, Peng L M, Kang B, Zeng H, Yuan G Y and Ding W J 2020 Challenges and solutions for the additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium implants Engineering 6 1267–75
[163] HoYH,JoshiSS,Wu TC,HungCM,HoNJand Dahotre N B 2020 In-vitro bio-corrosion behavior of friction stir additively manufactured AZ31B magnesium alloy-hydroxyapatite composites Mater. Sci. Eng. C 109 110632
[164] Ho Y H, Man K, Joshi S S, Pantawane M V, Wu T C, Yang Y and Dahotre N B 2020 In-vitro biomineralization and biocompatibility of friction stir additively manufactured AZ31B magnesium alloy-hydroxyapatite composites Bioact. Mater. 5 891–901
[165] Wu G H, Wang C L, Sun M and Ding W J 2021 Recent developments and applications on high-performance cast magnesium rare-earth alloys J. Magnes. Alloys 9 1–20
[166] Chen Y J, Xu Z G, Smith C and Sankar J 2014 Recent advances on the development of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants Acta Biomater. 10 4561–73
[167] Dziubi′ nski M and Barszcz Mnska A, Gontarz A, Dziubi′ 2016 The forming of magnesium alloy forgings for aircraft and automotive applications Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J. 10 158–68
[168] Zhang C H, Li Z, Zhang J K, Tang H B and Wang H M 2023 Additive manufacturing of magnesium matrix composites: comprehensive review of recent progress and research perspectives J. Magnes. Alloys 11 425–61
[169] Li K, Ji C, Bai S W, Jiang B and Pan F S 2023 Selective laser melting of magnesium alloys: necessity, formability, performance, optimization and applications J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 154 65–93
[170] Lucas J and Wilhelm M 2013 SLM with optimized processing technique and new materials: magnesium alloys pave the way for new application areas (Press release of Fraunhofer ILT) (available at: www.ilt. fraunhofer.de/en/press/press-releases/archive.html#22076865)
[171] Korea T 2023 3D printing magnesium at TCT Korea (available at: www.tctmagazine.com/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing-news/3d-printing-magnesium-at-tct-korea/)
[172] Wang Y C, Huang H, Jia G Z, Zeng H and Yuan G 2021 Fatigue and dynamic biodegradation behavior of additively manufactured Mg scaffolds Acta Biomater. 135 705–22
[173] Marvi-Mashhadi M, Ali W, Li M Z, González C and Llorca J 2022 Simulation of corrosion and mechanical degradation of additively manufactured Mg scaffolds in simulated body fluid J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 126 104881
[174] Dong J, Lin P, Putra N E, Tümer N, Leeflang M A, Huan Z, Fratila-Apachitei L E, Chang J, Zadpoor A A and Zhou J 2022 Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of Mg-Zn/bioceramic composite scaffolds Acta Biomater. 151 628–46
[175] Yue X Z, Shang J T, Zhang M H, Hur B and Ma X 2022 Additive manufacturing of high porosity magnesium scaffolds with lattice structure and random structure Mater. Sci. Eng. A 859 144167
[176] LiZ,SuiS,MaX,Tan H,ZhongCL,BiGJ,ClareAT, Gasser A and Chen J 2022 High deposition rate powder-and wire-based laser directed energy deposition of metallic materials: a review Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 181 103942
[177] Du Plessis A, Razavi N, Benedetti M, Murchio S, Leary M, Watson M, Bhate D and Berto F 2022 Properties and applications of additively manufactured metallic cellular materials: a review Prog. Mater. Sci. 125 100918
[178] Germaini M M, Belhabib S, Guessasma S, Deterre R, Corre P and Weiss P 2022 Additive manufacturing of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering—a critical review of the state of the art and new concepts Prog. Mater. Sci. 130 100963
[179] Zhao X, Wang S Y, Wang F L, Zhu Y, Gu R L, Yang F, Xu Y X, Xia D D and Liu Y S 2022 3D-printed Mg-1Ca/polycaprolactone composite scaffolds with promoted bone regeneration J. Magnes. Alloys accepted (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.002)
[180] Zhu Y T and Wu X L 2023 Heterostructured materials Prog. Mater. Sci. 131 101019
[181] Wang M, Yu H L, Chen Y and Huang M X 2021 Machine learning assisted screening of non-rare-earth elements for Mg alloys with low stacking fault energy Comput. Mater. Sci. 196 110544
[182] Vecchio K S, Dippo O F, Kaufmann K R and Liu X 2021 High-throughput rapid experimental alloy development (HT-READ) Acta Mater. 221 117352
[183] FuW, DangPF, GuoSW, RenZJ,FangDQ,DingXDand Sun J 2023 Heterogeneous fiberous structured Mg-Zn-Zr alloy with superior strength-ductility synergy J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 134 67–80
[184] MaD,XuCJ,SuiS,TianJ,GuoC,Wu XQ,ZhangZM, Shechtman D and Remennik S 2023 Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in a wire and arc additively manufactured Mg alloy via tuning interlayer dwell time J. Magnes. Alloys accepted (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2023.01.015)
[185] Liu G et al 2021 Additive manufacturing of structural materials Mater. Sci. Eng. R 145 100596