Based on the near-infrared autofluorescence characteristics of a parathyroid gland, a rapid intraoperative parathyroid identification device using highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology was developed. This paper describes the development of a fiber-optic probe-based non-invasive identification device for intraoperative parathyroid recognition. The device used a novel near-infrared sensing unit incorporated into a fluorescence collection module. By performing fluorescence experiments using indocyanine green (ICG) solution as a simulation of parathyroid autofluorescence, it was observed that the device exhibited a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and ICG concentration, even at a low concentration of 0.05 nmol/L. The correlation coefficient between fluorescence intensity and ICG concentration was 0.999, indicating a strong correlation that closely matched the theoretical expectations. The device was tested in clinical experiments at the First People's Hospital in Guangzhou City. The experimental results demonstrated that the device successfully elicited autofluorescence from parathyroid glands. The fluorescence intensity of the parathyroid glands was approximately five times higher than those of other tissues, allowing for clear differentiation between the parathyroid glands and other tissues. Clinical experts concluded that the device can rapidly, non-invasively, and accurately identify parathyroid tissue, providing significant clinical value.