This article comprehensively reviews the advancements in infrared spectroscopy technology for detecting components in gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. First, the basic structure and detection principles of two commonly used infrared spectroscopy instruments are outlined. Next, the article elaborates on the data modeling and predictive analysis methods relevant to fuel component analysis. The application of infrared spectroscopy in determining gasoline octane number and methanol and ethanol content, as well as the cetane number of diesel, is discussed. The infrared spectroscopy measurement methods for key physical properties of jet fuel, such as flash point, distillation range, density, and initial boiling point, are also introduced. Additionally, the effectiveness of various modeling methods and optimization algorithms is evaluated, highlighting the potential of infrared spectroscopy to enhance fuel quality and environmental performance. Infrared spectroscopy enables rapid detection of multiple fuel components. In the future, the integration of infrared spectroscopy with artificial intelligence is anticipated to improve prediction accuracy and broaden the predictive capabilities of the method, indicating significant development prospects.