Haoyu Wang, Xusheng Qiao, Xianping Fan. Research Progress on Rare-Earth-Doped Ultraviolet Upconversion Materials and Lasers[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(15): 1516020
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 59, Issue 15, 1516020 (2022)
Fig. 1. Mechanism of upconversion process. (a) ESA; (b) ETU; (c) CET; (d) PA; (e) EMU
![Gd-CSYS2S3 core-shell nanocrystal. (a) Structure diagram; (b) HAADF-STEM and HR-TEM image; (c) UV upconversion emission spectra under 808 nm continuouswave laser[47]](/richHtml/lop/2022/59/15/1516020/img_02.jpg)
Fig. 2. Gd-CSYS2S3 core-shell nanocrystal. (a) Structure diagram; (b) HAADF-STEM and HR-TEM image; (c) UV upconversion emission spectra under 808 nm continuouswave laser[47]
![Ba2LaF7∶Yb3+/Tm3+ nanocrystal. (a) TEM image; (b) corresponding size distribution[22]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 3. Ba2LaF7∶Yb3+/Tm3+ nanocrystal. (a) TEM image; (b) corresponding size distribution[22]
Fig. 4. Relationship between the multiphonon nonradiative relaxation rate of rare earth ions and the energy gap in materials with different average phonon energies[68]
Fig. 5. Energy transfer process of Gd-CSYS2S3@IR-806 under 808 nm laser excitation [56]
Fig. 6. Upconversion spectra changes of 1% Tm3+ under excitation power of 104 W·cm-2 and 2.5×106 W·cm-2 [75]
Fig. 7. Upconversion luminescence of Tm3+ under 464 nm laser excitation. (a) Upconversion energy level diagram; (b) upconversion spectrum [59]
Fig. 8. Upconversion luminescence behavior of Ho3+ ions at different pulse widths and the curves of upconversion luminescence intensity with time in a pulse at different wavelengths[77]
Fig. 9. Upconversion emission intensity at 311 nm of the NaYF4 @ NaYbF4∶Tm/Gd NaYF4 nanoparticles as a function of excitation power for different excitation schemes[18]
Fig. 10. Experimental results. (a) Spectra of ultraviolet upconversion laser; (b) power-intensity curve of the cylindrical microcavity; (c) stability measurement of the cylindrical microcavity[22]
Fig. 11. Microlaser array. (a) Preparation process; (b) (c) TEM images [19]
Fig. 12. Experimental results. (a) UV emission spectra of 300 nm WGMs; (b) P-I curve corresponding to Fig.(a); (c) computer simulation of loss of WGMs to light of different wavelengths; (d) UV emission spectra of 130 nm WGMs; (e) P-I curve corresponding to Fig. (d); (f) loss of WGMs of different thicknesses to light of different wavelengths [19]
Fig. 13. ZBLAN upconversion fiber laser. (a) Schematic; (b) schematic diagram of the upconversion energy level of Tm3+ under the excited of 1064 nm laser[11]
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Table 1. UV upconversion luminescent crystals and transparent ceramics
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Table 2. UV upconversion luminescent nanocrystals
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Table 3. UV upconversion luminescent glass and glass ceramics
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Table 4. Ultraviolet upconversion laser material
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