The traditional fluorescence microscopy imaging technique takes fluorescence intensity as imaging contrast, which plays an important role in obtaining the position and concentration information of biomolecules and provides an imaging tool for biomedical research at the molecular level. As another important characteristic of fluorescence, polarization can provide the orientation and structural information of biomolecules in another dimension and has been widely used in the fluorescence polarization microscopy imaging technique. In addition, fluorescence polarization modulation can also be used to obtain the position and orientation information of biomolecules at the super-resolution scale by enhancing the sparsity of fluorescence images and thus enhancing the image contrast. In this paper, as for the different fluorescence polarization modulation imaging techniques based on fluorescence polarization characteristics, their developments in the molecular orientation structure imaging, super-resolution microscopy imaging and the combination of the two aspects are summarized from the physical bases, technical principles, basic implementation devices, and biological applications. Moreover, the future of these techniques is prospected.