Fig. 1. Ray mapping based on geometric optics

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of IAS algorithm

Fig. 3. Flow chart of the MAE-IAS hybrid algorithm

Fig. 4. Simulation examples for peaks-type phase distribution. (a) Original phase distribution; (b) intensity distribution at $z=\mathrm{3}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$

Fig. 5. Simulation results of each phase retrieval algorithms. (a) Reconstructed phase of TIE; (b) phase error of TIE algorithm; (c) reconstructed phase of MAE; (d) phase error of MAE; (e) reconstructed phase of TIE-IAS algorithm; (f) phase error of TIE-IAS algorithm; (g) reconstructed phase of MAE-IAS algorithm; (h) phase error of MAE-IAS algorithm

Fig. 6. RMSE versus $d$ in different phase retrieval algorithms. (a) TIE and MAE; (b) TIE-IAS and MAE-IAS algorithms

Fig. 7. RMSE versus iteration number for IAS and IAS/HIO algorithms. (a) Solving TIE as the initial value; (b) solving MAE as the initial value

Fig. 8. Simulation results of each phase retrieval algorithms under non-paraxial situation. (a) Reconstructed phase of MAE; (b) phase error of MAE; (c) reconstructed phase of MAE-IAS algorithm; (d) phase error of MAE-IAS algorithm

Table 1. Runtime comparison of different phase retrieval algorithms