This paper delves into the synthesis strategies of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanomaterials and their prospective applications in the fields of energy conversion and storage. Through a comprehensive analysis of various synthesis methods, including solvothermal and sol-gel processes, the specific impacts of these methods on the morphology and properties of MoS2 nanostructures are revealed. The study indicates that MoS2 nanomaterials with optimized electronic properties and surface activity can be fabricated by precisely controlling the synthesis conditions. These materials demonstrate exceptional performance in applications such as lithium-ion batteries and photodetectors, especially in enhancing battery charge-discharge cycle stability and improving photoelectric conversion efficiency. The paper further discusses the challenges faced in the development of MoS2 applications, particularly in terms of the scalability of material synthesis and consistency of performance. Lastly, the article presents a vision for future research directions, emphasizing the potential to broaden the application of MoS2 in high-performance energy devices through innovative synthesis strategies and material structure optimization.