A shock wave induced by a nanosecond laser was used to obtain the high shock pressure to explore the relationship between metal failure and metal target thickness. A TC4 titanium mechanical simulation model under the laser-induced shock wave loading was constructed herein based on the calculation results. The damage of the TC4 target was predicted depending on the calculation results. The corresponding laser loading experiment was performed according to the simulation model. The experimental results were analyzed and compared with the simulated results. The results show that when the target thickness is 0.05 mm, the nanosecond laser pulse width is 10 ns, the single pulse energy is 7 J, the frequency is 1 Hz, and the spot diameter is 5 mm. The simulation results also predicts the target damage, and the experimental results are consistent with the simulation results.