Fig. 1. Distribution diagram of heat affected areas ^[11]

Fig. 2. Comparison of suture results of continuous and modulated thulium-doped laser tissue under different powers and operation time ^[21]

Fig. 3. Structure diagram of in vitro experimental device^[26]

Fig. 4. Cross-sections of vein tissues before and after surgery. (a) Cross-section of tissue before surgery; (b) rough diagram of tissue cross-section with output power of 3 W; (c) rough diagram tissue cross-section with output power of 1.5 W; (d) tissue cross-section with output power of 4 W; (e) detail view of tissue cross-section with output power of 3 W; (f) detail view of tissue cross-section with output power of 1.5 W^[39]

Fig. 5. Lithotripsy efficiency when pulse energy of Tm-doped laser is 35 mJ^[29]. (a) Relationship between pulse frequency and lithotripsy efficiency; (b) relationship between pulse frequency and crushing stone repulsion distance

Fig. 6. Comparison of lithotripsy efficiency between thulium-doped laser and holmium-doped laser with the same laser parameters ^[31]

Table 1. Tm-doped laser biomedical experiment

Table 2. Clinical application of thulium-doped laser

Table 3. Experimental results of continuous and Q-switched lasers on chicken breast and sheep liver ^[27]

Table 4. Comparison of different frequencies of Tm-doped laser and Ho-doped laser, laser working time, operating time, and salt water temperature ^[67]