This study proposes a low-cost, high-efficiency calibration method for motion axes using a measurement system that combines line lasers and five axes. By scanning the surface of a standard sphere and performing an optimization search, the method achieves step-by-step calibration of displacement and rotation axes. Compared with existing calibration methods for motion axes, this method requires only the participation of the measurement system itself and a standard sphere, with simple steps, lower calibration costs, and higher efficiency. The proposed method is simulated and practically implemented with a line-laser five-axis system under calibration and measurement experiments. Experimental results indicate that after calibration, the surface peak-to-valley (PV) of the standard sphere measured by the system is 10.98 μm, with a standard deviation of 0.199 μm for repeated measurements of the surface PV of the standard sphere. The system also has integrated 3D measurement capabilities for various sizes and structurally complex devices, thus demonstrating the practical performance and application value of the proposed method.