Aiming at the optimization of laser cutting process parameters for aluminum alloy, laser cutting experiments were conducted on 5052 aluminum alloy. This article establishes a three factor orthogonal experimental plan based on the influence of different laser power, auxiliary air pressure, and operating speed parameters on laser cutting quality. A 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm thick thin aluminum alloy was selected for laser cutting, and 10%, 20%, and 30% orthogonal operating speeds were designed with 1 MPa and 1.5 MPa argon gas, and laser power of 1 200 W and 1 350 W, respectively. Two quality parameters, roughness and slag length, were observed by a light cutting tester and microscope, and data analysis was conducted to determine the optimal laser cutting process route for 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm thin aluminum plate, providing technical reference for laser cutting of aluminum alloy thin plates.