The ultraviolet imaging spectrometer operates within a wavelength range of 340 nm to 390 nm, with its components serving as the core of the entire instrument. This design contributes to a more compact configuration of the device. Given that the initial design of the spectrometer's structural components is somewhat generous in dimensions, there's a pressing need to reduce and optimize the weight of the main structural parts while ensuring sufficient rigidity. The primary module of the spectrometer and the frame of the imaging objective lens bear the main load and possess a relatively intricate design. Furthermore, the collimating mirror module, with its sizable volume and cantilevered structure connected to the main module, necessitates optimization. Consequently, this paper primarily focuses on refining the design of these three components. By using the variable density topology optimization method, the main module and the collimating mirror module are iterated for 80 times, and the imaging objective lens frame module is iterated for 50 times. The objective function gradually converges, and the best material distribution of important parts is obtained. As the result of topology optimization is to remove redundant structural quality by digging holes and arranging reinforcing ribs, there are some unreasonable local features in the obtained structure, so it is necessary to optimize its size parameters in detail on the basis of topology optimization. Using Latin hypercube random sampling method, a multiple linear regression model is established, and the sensitivity of key dimension parameters to system performance is analyzed. The second generation of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to complete the size optimization design of spectrometer structural components. The optimization results show that although the first-order frequency decreases, it is still higher than 100 Hz, and the lightweight rate of the structure reaches 58.7%, and the quality of the mirror surface is improved. A 1g gravity load is applied to the whole structure of the spectrometer. From the overall effect, the influence of gravity field reduces the performance of the system. However, due to a certain margin in the design, the change result is still acceptable. The lens surface deformation of the spectrometer structural components at 10 ℃ and 30 ℃ is investigated, and the influence on the optical system is analyzed. Although the spatial resolution and spectral resolution of the corresponding system at two temperature conditions decreased to some extent, it is still within the design tolerance of the system. After analysis, the lens that has the greatest influence on the system is the change of the surface shape of the collimating mirror, so it can be determined that the temperature stability of the collimating mirror must be strictly controlled. When analyzing the stray light, it shows that the stray light brightness is about 1×10^-6 of the normal light, and the stray light is very small, which can meet the requirements of the optical system, indicating that the stray light of the spectrometer structure has been well suppressed. Through the finite element software, the random vibration simulation analysis and mechanical test verification of the spectrometer structure components are carried out. The results of random vibration test show that the maximum acceleration response magnification of the spectrometer structure component in X axis is 3.2, which is 4.4% different from the analysis result, the maximum acceleration response magnification in Y axis is 3.05, which is 4.72% different from the analysis result, and the maximum acceleration response magnification in Z axis is 3.6, which is 4.5% different from the analysis result. After the mechanical test, the standard spectral line lamp is used to test the spectral characteristics. Compared with the results before the mechanical test, the maximum quantitative change of the spectral characteristics test is 0.4 pixels. The experimental results show that the structural components of the spectrometer meet the requirements of mechanical environment test, and the structural stability is good. The work of this paper provides a reference and application for the structural design of other ultraviolet imaging spectrometers.