The challenges in public safety and criminal justice are becoming increasingly complex, underscoring the growing importance of forensic evidence identification. This is particularly relevant for rapid and precise recognition of chemical toxicants, biological toxins, and explosive residues. Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, with its distinct advantages, is emerging as an indispensable tool in forensic science. This paper introduces the fundamental principles of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, elaborates on its advantages, and uses bibliometric analysis to examine its current applications. It focuses on research achievements in identifying chemical agents, biological toxins, and explosive residues, providing crucial technical support for case investigations and public safety. Furthermore, the paper explores future trends in the forensic application of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, including advancements in technical research, equipment portability, and development of spectral databases. By offering a comprehensive and cutting-edge reference, this paper aims to foster the broader and more in-depth application of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy in forensic science.