A pulse fiber laser operating at the 2 µm spectrum region with its extensive applications in industry processing, medical treatment, and scientific research has been widely studied in recent years. Among the techniques for pulse laser generation, passive mode-locking is an effective and convenient one. Based on the different dynamics of mode-locking and cavity conditions, different kinds of mode-locked pulses such as conventional soliton^[1], dissipative soliton^[2], bound-state soliton^[3], dissipative soliton resonance^[4,5], stretched pulse^[6,7], and noise-like (NL) pulse^[8] were obtained in passively mode-locked Tm-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs).

For the NL pulse, the pulse exhibits a relatively wide envelope (∼nanoseconds or ∼picoseconds), which contains a bunch of random pulses with different widths and peak intensities. With the help of the autocorrelator, the ultrashort coherent spike can be observed in the autocorrelation trace^[9]. Owing to the special pulse structure, the NL pulse can be directly obtained from an oscillator with a high pulse energy [∼nanojoule (nJ) level] and relatively low peak power, which makes it useful in many applications such as supercontinuum generation and industrial processing^[10–12]. Till now, many NL mode-locked fiber lasers in the 2 µm spectrum regime were reported relying on different mode-locking techniques, such as nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR), nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM), nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM), and material-based saturable absorber (SA). Relying on the NPR technique, Sobon et al. reported an NL mode-locked TDFL in an all-normal dispersion cavity with the maximum pulse energy of ∼1.3 nJ^[13]. In the anomalous dispersion condition, He et al. and Liu et al. also studied NL mode-locking in TDFLs with pulse energies of ∼17.3 nJ and ∼12.3 nJ, respectively^[14,15]. As for the nonlinear loop mirror method, Li et al. reported an NL mode-locked pulse with the highest pulse energy of ∼249 nJ, and Wang et al. achieved an NL pulse with pulse energy of ∼97.4 nJ^[16,17]. Moreover, based on the material-based SA, the NL pulse in the TDFL also was reported. In the graphene-based NL mode-locked TDFL, the maximum pulse energy of ∼51.5 nJ was achieved after amplification^[8]. By utilizing the carbon nanotube as an SA, the NL pulse with pulse energy of ∼1.27 nJ was obtained^[18]. Nevertheless, we note that the previous studies were based on the standard single mode fiber, which is sensitive to the environmental disturbance, such as temperature or fiber vibration. Meanwhile, the polarization controller is always an essential component for initializing mode-locking, which seriously weakens the repeatability of the fiber laser and limits the usage in laboratories.

To solve the issue of environmental sensitivity, the all-polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber configuration is a potential and available solution, since it is immune to the slight fluctuation of the polarization state. In the recent years, some works about passively mode-locked TDFLs with an all-PM fiber configuration were reported. By using the semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) as an SA, Liu et al. achieved mode-locked pulses with a pulse duration of ∼10 ps^[19]. Based on the graphene SA, soliton and stretched pulses were separately obtained by Sobon and the co-authors^[20,21]. In fact, except for the material-based SA, the “artificial” SA (NPR, NALM, and NOLM) also can be used for mode-locking operation in an all-PM fiber configuration, which has been widely studied in the ∼1.1 µm spectral regime^[22–28]. In the 2 µm region, Michalska and Swiderski reported a soliton mode-locked TDFL with an all-PM fiber configuration based on NOLM, in which the pulse energy is ∼71 pJ^[29]. Moreover, NL pulses were obtained based on NALM^[30]. The mode-locking mechanism of a nonlinear loop mirror in an all-PM fiber configuration is the same as that in a standard single mode fiber, in which the intensity-dependent transmission was implemented by the interference between two counter-propagating pulses at the coupler, and the phase difference between the two counter-propagating pulses can be easily controlled by adjusting the splitting ratio of the coupler and the length of fibers^[31,32]. Compared to the material-based SA, such an “artificial” SA has latent advantages of high damage threshold and long work life.

In this paper, we have firstly, to the best of our knowledge, presented an NL mode-locked TDFL based on NOLM with an all-PM fiber configuration. The laser was operated in bound-state NL mode-locking. Meanwhile, owing to the all-PM fiber structure, the laser has a good power stability (less than ∼0.7%) and repeatability.

The schematic diagram of the all-PM TDFL is depicted in Fig. 1. The gain fiber is a section of ∼3 m PM Tm-doped fiber (PM-TSF 9/125, Nufern), which was pumped by a ∼1550 nm fiber laser via a PM fused-taper wavelength division multiplexer (WDM). A polarization-sensitive isolator (ISO) with the fast axis blocked was utilized for ensuring the unidirectional and linear polarization operation. The NOLM was constructed by a 2 × 2 output coupler (OC) with splitting ratio of 20:80 and a piece of ∼196 m PM fiber (PM-1550XP, Nufern), which provides the intensity-dependent loss in the oscillator. The output laser was extracted by another 2 × 1 coupler with an output ratio of ∼20%. All of the fibers in the cavity are single mode PM fibers (Panda style), which were spliced by a PM fiber fusion splicer (FSM-100 P+, Fujikura) with angle mismatching of less than ∼1°. Thus, an “8” shape cavity was constructed with total length of ∼211 m and net dispersion of $\sim -14.4{\mathrm{ps}}^2$.

The performances of the mode-locked pulse were recorded by an optical spectrum analyzer (AQ6375, Yokogawa), an oscilloscope with 4 GHz bandwidth and 40 GS/s sampling rate (WaveRunner 9000, Teledyne Lecroy), a 12.5 GHz photodetector (ET-5000 F, EOT), an autocorrelator (Pulsecheck 600, APE), and a 26.5 GHz radio frequency (RF) spectrum analyzer (N9020B, Keysight).

With increasing pump power, stable mode-locking operation can self-start at an incident pump power of ∼848 mW. The high threshold may be caused by the long passive fibers, since the silica single mode fiber has a relatively high transmission loss at 2 µm. Nevertheless, when we utilized a shorter passive fiber (e.g.,  ∼100 m), the threshold of the mode-locking operation was further increased. The reason was mainly considered because of less nonlinear phase accumulation with a shorter passive fiber in the NOLM, since the nonlinear phase is proportional to the length of the loop mirror and peak power, which is inversely proportional to the wavelength^[33]. Thus, a long piece of passive fiber was used in our oscillator. When the laser operates in stable mode-locked state, it can be maintained with further increasing the pump power. Figure 2 exhibits the evolutions of the spectrum and pulse envelope with pump power. As the pump power increases from ∼848 mW to ∼1414 mW, there are no obvious variations in spectral shape and central wavelength (∼1891 nm). But, the 3 dB bandwidth of the spectrum was broadened from ∼8 nm to ∼13 nm. A similar tendency was also observed in the pulse envelope, which was broadened from ∼14.1 ns to ∼23.6 ns. The pulse interval of ∼1019 ns corresponds to the round-trip time, which is determined by the cavity length of ∼211 m. To avoid the damage of the components such as WDM and ISO, the maximum incident pump power was limited at ∼1414 mW.

To further clarify the mode-locking property, the autocorrelation trace was measured at pump power of ∼1414 mW, as shown in Fig. 3. Three coherent spikes with a time interval of ∼2.2 ps were measured, which implies the bound-state NL mode-locking of the fiber laser. However, with the limitation of resolution of the autocorrelator (the number of sampling points was fixed at 256), the trace was measured in time span of ∼4.3 ps, and the three peaks were recorded by adjusting the central position, as exhibited in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b). Meanwhile, a slight modulation of the optical spectrum also can be observed, as shown in Fig. 3(c). The period of the modulation was ∼5.5 nm (Δν ∼461 GHz), which agrees well with the time interval (∼2.2 ps) of the coherent spikes according to the relationship of $\Delta \nu =1/\text{τ}$^[3,34]. The dips in the spectrum mainly result from the strong water absorption lines around the 1.9 µm spectral region^[1]. Moreover, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the main coherent spike is ∼721 fs with the Gaussian fitting, as given in Fig. 3(d).

The RF spectrum of the NL pulse was also measured at pump power of ∼1414 mW, as depicted in Fig. 4. The repetition frequency of ∼980.6 kHz corresponds to the cavity length of ∼211 m, which indicates fundamental mode-locking. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) of ∼66 dB was comparable to that of the previous reported NL mode-locking at the 2 µm regime, which means low amplitude noise of the sub-pulses in the pulse envelope^[14,16]. Figure 4(b) shows the RF spectrum in a wide span of ∼300 MHz. A large modulation frequency of ∼42.4 MHz was observed, which satisfies the reciprocal relation of the duration of the NL pulse envelope ($f_m=\frac{1}{\tau }$)^[35]. Thus, the recorded duration of the pulse envelope of ∼23.6 ns is exact.

Moreover, the performance of output power was measured, as plotted in Fig. 5. The average output power was almost linearly increased from ∼18.6 mW to ∼39.5 mW as the pump power was enhanced from ∼848 mW to ∼1414 mW. After dividing the average power by repetition frequency, the pulse energy with maximum value of ∼40.3 nJ was calculated, as plotted in Fig. 5(a). At the pump power of ∼1414 mW, the stability of the output power was monitored in 4 h with time intervals of 10 s, as illustrated in Fig. 5(b). The root mean square (RMS) value of the average output power was calculated to be ∼39.47 mW with a standard deviation of ∼0.27 mW, which indicates good stability of the output power with fluctuation of ∼0.7%. To check the repeatability of the fiber laser, we restarted the fiber laser and measured the average output power at the fixed pump power of ∼1414 mW in the following three days. As shown in Figs. 6(a)–6(c), the TDFL still operated at a stable NL mode-locked state with stable output power of ∼39 mW. Meanwhile, the fiber laser shows a good resistance to vibration. During the experiment, by flapping the platform and directly joggling the long passive fiber, the NL mode-locking operation can be well maintained without any notable variations.

In this paper, a stable bound-state NL mode-locked all-PM TDFL based on NOLM was experimentally demonstrated. The NL pulse has the maximum pulse energy of ∼40.3 nJ, and the width of the pulse envelope can be tuned from ∼14.1 ns to ∼23.6 ns. The pulse energy might be further increased by a larger pump power with high power fiber components. In addition, the fiber laser exhibited good power stability with power fluctuation less than ∼0.7% during 4 h monitoring. Meanwhile, owing to the all-PM fiber configuration without a polarization controller, the mode-locked fiber laser has good repeatability. This pulse laser source has potential applications in polymer processing and supercontinuum generation after further amplification.