Variations in space environment temperatures can have distinct effects on the level of charging on dielectric materials surfaces of spacecraft. To address this, a numerical model has been established in this paper based on the current balance equation to study the impact of temperature on the surface charging of polyimide. Subsequently, utilizing a spacecraft material surface charging simulation experiment system, the influence of temperature changes on the surface charging characteristics of polyimide under electron irradiation is investigated. The simulation results indicate that when the temperature is fixed, the surface charging equilibrium potential of polyimide increases as the beam current density increases at levels of 0.5 nA/cm2, 1 nA/cm2, and 2 nA/cm2. Conversely, when the beam current density is held constant, the surface charging equilibrium potential of polyimide decreases with the rise in temperature within the range of 243 K to 363 K. The larger the beam current density, the less significant the effect of temperature changes on the equilibrium potential. This research finding can serve as a reference for the charging protection of dielectric materials on spacecraft in response to temperature variations.