During the Spring Festival in 2016, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected from small particle sampler in Xi’an, China. The 30 effective samples were collected. The mass concentration characteristics and the distribution of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The PAHs sources in PM2.5 and PM10 were analyzed by the ratio method and meteorological parameters. The results showed that the PM2.5 mass concentration was 180 μg·m－3 and PM10 was 286 μg·m－3. The concentration of PM2.5 was significantly higher than that of New Year’s Eve (PM2.5 average concentration was 160 μg·m－3, PM10 was 88 μg·m－3). PAHs are mainly distributed in PM2.5 fine particles, accounting for more than 70%. The ring numbers of aromatic distribution in PM2.5 and PM10 are mainly 3, 4 and 5. During the period, the PAHs high concentration continued to rise, it was mainly due to the incomplete combustion of heating coal in winter and the traffic pollution caused by gasoline and diesel vehicles. The sudden rise of PAHs concentration mainly came from the burning of fireworks.