The navigation camera is a sensitive component that is crucial for deep space exploration. This report describes a method for the comprehensive improvement of the performance of such a camera by increasing their sensitivity. In particular, the approach improves the temporal resolution of this instrument and simultaneously solves the target detection problem under high dynamic conditions. Firstly, the imaging quality of a navigation camera is analyzed according to the operating mode and the performance characteristics of an Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device (EMCCD). In addition, a theoretical model of a target's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is established. Secondly, the study focused on the design method for an EMCCD navigation camera. Key technologies are illustrated such as the high-frequency high-amplitude drive circuit of an EMCCD, analog front circuitry, TEC vacuum cooling, timing control, and data processing. Finally, the experimental results show that the optimal target SNR is 68.6 dB at M = 10 and that the moon can be imaged using an integration time of 1 ms with a 13 mm aperture. The navigation camera satisfies the requirements of short integration time imaging under the high dynamic conditions associated with deep space exploration.