To achieve better strengthening effects and overcome issues such as uneven surface morphology after strengthening, a mathematical model for mechanical effects of laser shock strengthening with different wavelengths is designed. Using the Johnson Cook model to construct a material constitutive model of metal components, the basic material model is loaded with laser shock wave pressure, and based on the principle of laser shock strengthening, a finite element model of component laser shock strengthening at different wavelengths is constructed. Based on the constructed finite element model, this study explores the relationship between the dynamic yield strength of materials and the Hugoniu elastic limit of component materials, constructs a theoretical model between strain and peak pressure of shock waves, and represents the residual compressive stress generated by laser shock strengthening according to this model. The construction of a mathematical model for the mechanical effects of laser shock strengthening at different wavelengths is completed. The test results show that after strengthening based on this model, the surface morphology of the experimental components is generally uniform, with small pit depths. The displacement range of the component material surface on the straight line passing through the center of the light spot is between [-0.4, 0.5], indicating that the design model has good performance and practicality.