In order to meet the high-resolution and wide spectrum range of the backscattering Raman system, this paper designs and builds a Raman test system based on the echelle spectrometer. In the optical splitting system, compared with the ordinary planar grating spectrometer, the use of the echelle improves the resolution of the system without increasing the volume of the system. The use of intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) in the detection system improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the detection limit of weak spectrum. Finally, the Raman system was spectrally calibrated. The broadband backscattering Raman experimental results are given and discussed. The experimental results show that the system has an excellent application prospect for broadband and high-resolution Raman spectrum measurement.