In order to investigate the effect of ceramic polishing waste (CPW) on the durability of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), the CPW was used to replace part of cement, fly ash and silica fume to prepare UHPC, and the effect of CPW on the pore structure, mechanical properties, volume stability, chloride penetration resistance, and sulfate attack resistance of UHPC was investigated. The results show that the porosity of UHPC increases with the increase of CPW replacing cement, fly ash and silica fume, respectively, and then the chloride penetration resistance of UHPC decreases. The replacement of fly ash by CPW improves the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC, while the replacement of cement and silica fume by CPW leads to reduce the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. The replacement of cement by CPW reduces the compressive strength of UHPC, but the corrosion resistance coefficient and compressive strength of UHPC are improved after sulfate attack. When the cement replacement rate by CPW is 20% (mass fraction), the compressive strength of UHPC after sulfate attack for 90 d reaches the highest value.