[1] Chen C, Li K L, Ouyang A J, Zeng Z and Li K Q 2018 GFlink: an in-memory computing architecture on heterogeneous CPU-GPU clusters for big data IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 29 1275–88
[2] Zhao X N, Xu H Y, Wang Z Q, Lin Y and Liu Y C 2019 Memristors with organic-inorganic halide perovskites InfoMat 1 183–210
[3] Wang Q and He D Y 2017 Time-decay Memristive Behavior and diffusive dynamics in one forget process operated by a 3D vertical Pt/Ta2O5?x/W device Sci. Rep. 7 822
[4] Ravichandran V, Li C, Banagozar A, Yang J J and Xia Q F 2018 Artificial neural networks based on memristive devices Sci. China Inf. Sci. 61 060423
[5] Chen Y, Zhu H Y, Jin H and Sun X H 2012 Algorithm-level Feedback-controlled Adaptive data prefetcher: accelerating data access for high-performance processors Parallel Comput. 38 533–51
[6] Kavi K, Pianelli S, Pisano G, Regina G and Ignatowski M 2015 Memory organizations for 3D-DRAMs and PCMs in processor memory hierarchy J. Syst. Archit. 61 539–52
[7] Ielmini D and Wong H S P 2018 In-memory computing with resistive switching devices Nat. Electron. 1 333–43
[8] Painkras E, Plana L A, Garside J, Temple S, Galluppi F, Patterson C, Lester D R, Brown A D and Furber S B 2013 SpiNNaker: a 1-W 18-core system-on-chip for massively-parallel neural network simulation IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 48 1943–53
[9] Wang X, Tumeo A, Leidel J D, Li J and Chen Y 2021 HAM: hotspot-aware manager for improving communications with 3D-stacked memory IEEE Trans. Comput. 70 833–48
[10] Kim S G, Han J S, Kim H, Kim S Y and Jang H W 2018 Recent advances in memristive materials for artificial synapses Adv. Mater. Technol. 3 1800457
[11] Xu W T, Cho H, Kim Y H, Kim Y T, Wolf C, Park C G and Lee T W 2016 Organometal halide perovskite artificial synapses Adv. Mater. 28 5916–22
[12] Kuzum D, Yu S M and Wong H S P 2013 Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications Nanotechnology 24 382001
[13] Ho V M, Lee J A and Martin K C 2011 The cell biology of synaptic plasticity Science 334 623–8
[14] Tan Z H, Yang R, Terabe K, Yin X B, Zhang X D and Guo X 2016 Synaptic metaplasticity realized in oxide memristive devices Adv. Mater. 28 377–84
[15] Yang Y C, Yin M H, Yu Z Z, Wang Z W, Zhang T, Cai Y M, Lu W D and Huang R 2017 Multifunctional nanoionic devices enabling simultaneous heterosynaptic plasticity and efficient in-memory boolean logic Adv. Electron. Mater. 3 1700032
[16] Wang T, Huang H M, Wang X X and Guo X 2021 An artificial olfactory inference system based on memristive devices InfoMat 3 804–13
[17] Taherkhani A, Belatreche A, Li Y H, Cosma G, Maguire L P and McGinnity T M 2020 A review of learning in biologically plausible spiking neural networks Neural Netw. 122 253–72
[18] Fei W W, Trommer J, Lemme M C, Mikolajick T and Heinzig A 2022 Emerging reconfigurable electronic devices based on two-dimensional materials: a review InfoMat 4 e12355
[19] Merolla P A et al 2014 A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface Science 345 668–73
[20] Jaiswal A R, Roy S, Srinivasan G and Roy K 2017 Proposal for a leaky-integrate-fire spiking neuron based on magnetoelectric switching of ferromagnets IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 64 1818–24
[21] Gao L G, Chen P Y and Yu S M 2017 NbOx based oscillation neuron for neuromorphic computing Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 103503
[22] Pickett M D and Stanley Williams R 2012 Sub-100 fJ and sub-nanosecond thermally driven threshold switching in niobium oxide crosspoint nanodevices Nanotechnology 23 215202
[23] Donato A, Kagias K, Zhang Y and Hilliard M A 2019 Neuronal sub-compartmentalization: a strategy to optimize neuronal function Biol. Rev. 94 1023–37
[24] Swanson L W and Bota M 2010 Foundational model of structural connectivity in the nervous system with a schema for wiring diagrams, connectome, and basic plan architecture Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107 20610–7
[25] Markram H, Toledo-Rodriguez M, Wang Y, Gupta A, Silberberg G and Wu C Z 2004 Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 793–807
[26] Wang T Y et al 2022 Reconfigurable neuromorphic memristor network for ultralow-power smart textile electronics Nat. Commun. 13 7432
[27] Meng J L, Wang T Y, Zhu H, Li J, Bao W Z, Zhou P, Chen L, Sun Q Q and Zhang D W 2022 Integrated in-sensor computing optoelectronic device for environment-adaptable artificial retina perception application Nano Lett. 22 81–89
[28] Wang T Y et al 2020 Three-dimensional nanoscale flexible memristor networks with ultralow power for information transmission and processing application Nano Lett. 20 4111–20
[29] Yang K, Yang J J, Huang R and Yang Y C 2022 Nonlinearity in memristors for neuromorphic dynamic systems Small Sci. 2 2100049
[30] Kumar S, Wang X X, Strachan J P, Yang Y C and Lu W D 2022 Dynamical memristors for higher-complexity neuromorphic computing Nat. Rev. Mater. 7 575–91
[31] Alexandrov A S, Bratkovsky A M, Bridle B, Savel’ev S E, Strukov D B and Williams R S 2011 Current-controlled negative differential resistance due to Joule heating in TiO2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 202104
[32] Pickett M D, Borghetti J, Yang J J, Medeiros-Ribeiro G and Williams R S 2011 Coexistence of memristance and negative differential resistance in a nanoscale metal-oxide-metal system Adv. Mater. 23 1730–3
[33] Kumar S, Williams R S and Wang Z W 2020 Third-order nanocircuit elements for neuromorphic engineering Nature 585 518–23
[34] Yu J W, Zeng F, Wan Q, Lu Z A and Pan F 2023 Emulation of auditory senses depending on chaotic dynamics of threshold switching memristor InfoMat. e12458
[35] Cao R R et al 2022 Compact artificial neuron based on anti-ferroelectric transistor Nat. Commun. 13 7018
[36] Bian J Y, Tao Y, Wang Z Q, Zhang X H, Zhao X N, Lin Y, Xu H Y and Liu Y C 2022 A stacked memristive device enabling both analog and threshold switching behaviors for artificial leaky integrate and fire neuron IEEE Electron Device Lett. 43 1436–9
[37] Wang Y et al 2021 Artificial neurons based on Ag/V2C/W threshold switching memristors Nanomaterials 11 2860
[38] Fang X Y, Duan S K and Wang L D 2021 Memristive hodgkin-huxley spiking neuron model for reproducing neuron behaviors Front. Neurosci. 15 730566
[39] Yi W, Tsang K K, Lam S K, Bai X W, Crowell J A and Flores E A 2018 Biological plausibility and stochasticity in scalable VO2 active memristor neurons Nat. Commun. 9 4661
[40] Yang R et al 2018 Synaptic suppression triplet-STDP learning rule realized in second-order memristors Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1704455
[41] Sung S H, Kim T J, Shin H, Im T H and Lee K J 2022 Simultaneous emulation of synaptic and intrinsic plasticity using a memristive synapse Nat. Commun. 13 2811
[42] Zhang X M et al 2018 An artificial neuron based on a threshold switching memristor IEEE Electron Device Lett. 39 308–11
[43] Lashkare S, Chouhan S, Chavan T, Bhat A, Kumbhare P and Ganguly U 2018 PCMO RRAM for integrate-and-fire neuron in spiking neural networks IEEE Electron Device Lett. 39 484–7
[44] Zhang X M et al 2020 An artificial spiking afferent nerve based on Mott memristors for neurorobotics Nat. Commun. 11 51
[45] Yuan R et al 2022 A calibratable sensory neuron based on epitaxial VO2 for spike-based neuromorphic multisensory system Nat. Commun. 13 3973
[46] Wang Y, Gong Y, Huang S M, Xing X C, Lv Z Y, Wang J J, Yang J Q, Zhang G H, Zhou Y and Han S T 2021 Memristor-based biomimetic compound eye for real-time collision detection Nat. Commun. 12 5979
[47] Fu T D, Liu X M, Fu S, Woodard T, Gao H Y, Lovley D R and Yao J 2021 Self-sustained green neuromorphic interfaces Nat. Commun. 12 3351
[48] Agatonovic-Kustrin S and Beresford R 2000 Basic concepts of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and its application in pharmaceutical research J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 22 717–27
[49] Choi S, Yang J and Wang G 2020 Emerging memristive artificial synapses and neurons for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing Adv. Mater. 32 2004659
[50] Lee G, Baek J H, Ren F, Pearton S J, Lee G H and Kim J 2021 Artificial neuron and synapse devices based on 2D materials Small 17 2100640
[51] Li Z Y, Tang W, Zhang B N, Yang R and Miao X S 2023 Emerging memristive neurons for neuromorphic computing and sensing Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 24 2188878
[52] Tuma T, Pantazi A, Le Gallo M, Sebastian A and Eleftheriou E 2016 Stochastic phase-change neurons Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 693–9
[53] Pickett M D, Medeiros-Ribeiro G and Williams R S 2013 A scalable neuristor built with Mott memristors Nat. Mater. 12 114–7
[54] Wang J J, Hu S G, Zhan X T, Yu Q, Liu Z, Chen T P, Yin Y, Hosaka S and Liu Y 2018 Handwritten-digit recognition by hybrid convolutional neural network based on HfO2 memristive spiking-neuron Sci. Rep. 8 12546
[55] Tassetto M and Gao F B 2006 Transcriptional control of dendritic patterning in Drosophila neurons Genome Biol. 7 225
[56] Sardi S, Vardi R, Sheinin A, Goldental A and Kanter I 2017 New types of experiments reveal that a neuron functions as multiple independent threshold units Sci. Rep. 7 18036
[57] Deemyad T, Lüthi J and Spruston N 2018 Astrocytes integrate and drive action potential firing in inhibitory subnetworks Nat. Commun. 9 4336
[58] Saghatelyan A, Carleton A, Lagier S, de Chevigny A and Lledo P M 2003 Local neurons play key roles in the mammalian olfactory bulb J. Physiol. 97 517–28
[59] Luczak A, McNaughton B L and Kubo Y 2022 Neurons learn by predicting future activity Nat. Mach. Intell. 4 62–72
[60] Benfenati V et al 2013 A transparent organic transistor structure for bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons Nat. Mater. 12 672–80
[61] Shibata T and Ohmi T 1993 Neuron MOS binary-logic integrated circuits. I. Design fundamentals and soft-hardware-logic circuit implementation IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 40 570–6
[62] Tanaka H, Morie T and Aihara K 2006 An analog CMOS circuit for spiking neuron models Int. Congr. Ser. 1291 217–20
[63] Yan X B, Zhang L, Yang Y Q, Zhou Z Y, Zhao J H, Zhang Y Y, Liu Q and Chen J S 2017 Highly improved performance in Zr0.5Hf0.5O2 films inserted with graphene oxide quantum dots layer for resistive switching non-volatile memory J. Mater. Chem. C 5 11046–52
[64] Zhang M Y, Long S B, Li Y, Liu Q, Lv H B, Miranda E A, Suné J and Liu M 2016 Analysis on the filament structure evolution in reset transition of Cu/HfO2/Pt RRAM device Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11 269
[65] Chen Y H et al 2019 Realization of artificial neuron using MXene bi-directional threshold switching memristors IEEE Electron Device Lett. 40 1686–9
[66] Zhao X J, Chang K, Liu B B, Jiang K A, Hu C H, Wang Y and Wang H 2022 Electrochemical-tunable and mesostructure-dependent abrupt-to-progressive conversion in fibroin-based transient memristor Appl. Phys. Lett. 121 023301
[67] Mikhaylov A N et al 2016 Field-and irradiation-induced phenomena in memristive nanomaterials Phys. Status Solidi c 13 870–81
[68] Zhang T, Yin M H, Xu C M, Lu X Y, Sun X H, Yang Y C and Huang R 2017 High-speed true random number generation based on paired memristors for security electronics Nanotechnology 28 455202
[69] Kim G, In J H, Kim Y S, Rhee H, Park W, Song H, Park J and Kim K M 2021 Self-clocking fast and variation tolerant true random number generator based on a stochastic mott memristor Nat. Commun. 12 2906
[70] John R A, Shah N, Vishwanath S K, Ng S E, Febriansyah B, Jagadeeswararao M, Chang C H, Basu A and Mathews N 2021 Halide perovskite memristors as flexible and reconfigurable physical unclonable functions Nat. Commun. 12 3681
[71] Lv F C, Yang R and Guo X 2017 Analog and digital reset processes observed in Pt/CuO/Pt memristive devices Solid State Ion. 303 161–6
[72] Pan F, Chen C, Wang Z S, Yang Y C, Yang J and Zeng F 2010 Nonvolatile resistive switching memories-characteristics, mechanisms and challenges Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 20 1–15
[73] Wang C, Song B and Zeng Z M 2017 Excellent selector performance in engineered Ag/ZrO2:Ag/Pt structure for high-density bipolar RRAM applications AIP Adv. 7 125209
[74] Zhang Y et al 2021 Evolution of the conductive filament system in HfO2-based memristors observed by direct atomic-scale imaging Nat. Commun. 12 7232
[75] Zhuang P P, Ma W Z, Liu J, Cai W W and Lin W Y 2021 Progressive RESET induced by Joule heating in hBN RRAMs Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 143101
[76] Yamasaki T and Narahashi T 1958 Effects of potassium and sodium ions on the resting and action potentials of the giant axon of the cockroach Nature 182 1805
[77] Babacan Y, Kacar F and Gürkan K 2016 A spiking and bursting neuron circuit based on memristor Neurocomputing 203 86–91
[78] Kumar S, StrachanJ P and Williams R S 2017 Chaotic dynamics in nanoscale NbO2 Mott memristors for analogue computing Nature 548 318–21
[79] Sohn J I, Cha S N, Son S B, Kim J M, Welland M E and Hong W K 2017 Metastable state-induced consecutive step-like negative differential resistance behaviors in single crystalline VO2 nanobeams Nanoscale 9 8200–6
[80] Zhang J M et al 2016 Thermally induced crystallization in NbO2 thin films Sci. Rep. 6 34294
[81] Kumar S et al 2017 Physical origins of current and temperature controlled negative differential resistances in NbO2 Nat. Commun. 8 658
[82] Sakai J 2008 High-efficiency voltage oscillation in VO2 planer-type junctions with infinite negative differential resistance J. Appl. Phys. 103 103708
[83] Pattanayak M, Hoque N, Fan Z Y and Bernussi A A 2018 Electrical oscillation generation with current-induced resistivity switching in VO2 micro-channel devices Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19 693–701
[84] Mulaosmanovic H, Chicca E, Bertele M, Mikolajick T and Slesazeck S 2018 Mimicking biological neurons with a nanoscale ferroelectric transistor Nanoscale 10 21755–63
[85] Cheng Y X, Peng B, Hu Z Q, Zhou Z Y and Liu M 2018 Recent development and status of magnetoelectric materials and devices Phys. Lett. A 382 3018–25
[86] Kundu S, Maurya D, Clavel M, Zhou Y, Halder N N, Hudait M K, Banerji P and Priya S 2015 Integration of lead-free ferroelectric on HfO2/Si (100) for high performance non-volatile memory applications Sci. Rep. 5 8494
[87] Heron J T et al 2014 Deterministic switching of ferromagnetism at room temperature using an electric field Nature 516 370–3
[88] Kang W, Ran Y, Zhang Y G, Lv W F and Zhao W S 2017 Modeling and exploration of the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effect for the next-generation low-power and high-speed MRAM applications IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 16 387–95
[89] Liu J, Geng W P, Chou X J and Zhang W D 2012 Electric-field-induced antiferroelectric to ferroelectric and ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition at various temperatures in (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 antiferroelectric thick films J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 62 414–8
[90] Xu T, Xiang L Y, Xu M L, Xie W F and Wang W 2017 Excellent low-voltage operating flexible ferroelectric organic transistor nonvolatile memory with a sandwiching ultrathin ferroelectric film Sci. Rep. 7 8890
[91] Karthik T, Radhakrishanan D, Narayana C and Asthana S 2018 Nature of electric field driven ferroelectric phase transition in lead-free Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3: in-situ temperature dependent ferroelectric hysteresis and Raman scattering studies J. Alloys Compd. 732 945–51
[92] Wuttig M and Yamada N 2007 Phase-change materials for rewriteable data storage Nat. Mater. 6 824–32
[93] Wuttig M, Bhaskaran H and Taubner T 2017 Phase-change materials for non-volatile photonic applications Nat. Photon. 11 465–76
[94] Wang L, Lu S R and Wen J 2017 Recent advances on neuromorphic systems using phase-change materials Nanoscale Res. Lett. 12 347
[95] Lacaita A L 2006 Phase change memories: state-of-the-art, challenges and perspectives Solid-State Electron. 50 24–31
[96] Burr G W et al 2016 Recent progress in phase-change memory technology IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst. 6 146–62
[97] Tuma T, Le Gallo M, Sebastian A and Eleftheriou E 2016 Detecting correlations using phase-change neurons and synapses IEEE Electron Device Lett. 37 1238–41
[98] Wright C D, Hosseini P and Diosdado J A V 2013 Beyond von-neumann computing with nanoscale phase-change memory devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 2248–54
[99] Gupta I, Serb A, Khiat A, Zeitler R, Vassanelli S and Prodromakis T 2016 Real-time encoding and compression of neuronal spikes by metal-oxide memristors Nat. Commun. 7 12805
[100] Zhong Y N, Wang T, Gao X, Xu J L and Wang S D 2018 Synapse-like organic thin film memristors Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1800854
[101] Huang H M, Yang R, Tan Z H, He H K, Zhou W, Xiong J and Guo X 2019 Quasi-Hodgkin-Huxley neurons with leaky integrate-and-fire functions physically realized with memristive devices Adv. Mater. 31 1803849
[102] Tsumoto K, Kitajima H, Yoshinaga T, Aihara K and Kawakami H 2006 Bifurcations in Morris-Lecar neuron model Neurocomputing 69 293–316
[103] Hu X Y, Liu C X, Liu L, Ni J K and Li S L 2016 An electronic implementation for Morris-Lecar neuron model Nonlinear Dyn. 84 2317–32
[104] Ditlevsen S and Greenwood P 2013 The Morris-Lecar neuron model embeds a leaky integrate-and-fire model J. Math. Biol. 67 239–59
[105] Izhikevich E M 2003 Simple model of spiking neurons IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 14 1569–72
[106] Kampakis S 2012 Improved Izhikevich neurons for spiking neural networks Soft Comput. 16 943–53
[107] Hausser M 2000 The Hodgkin-Huxley theory of the action potential Nat. Neurosci. 3 1165
[108] Catterall W A, Raman I M, Robinson H P C, Sejnowski T J and Paulsen O 2012 The hodgkin-huxley heritage: from channels to circuits J. Neurosci. 32 14064–73
[109] Schwiening C J 2012 A brief historical perspective: Hodgkin and Huxley J. Physiol. 590 2571–5
[110] Wareham A C 2005 Action potential: generation and propagation Anaesth. Intensive Care Med. 6 200–3
[111] Torres Valderrama A, Witteveen J, Navarro M and Blom J 2015 Uncertainty propagation in nerve impulses through the action potential mechanism J. Math. Neurosci. 5 3
[112] Erdem R and Ekiz C 2005 A kinetic model for voltage-gated ion channels in cell membranes based on the path integral method Physica A 349 283–90
[113] Cohen A, Shappir J, Yitzchaik S and Spira M E 2008 Reversible transition of extracellular field potential recordings to intracellular recordings of action potentials generated by neurons grown on transistors Biosens. Bioelectron. 23 811–9
[114] Wang R B, Wang Z Y and Zhu Z Y 2018 The essence of neuronal activity from the consistency of two different neuron models Nonlinear Dyn. 92 973–82
[115] Dutta S, Kumar V, Shukla A, Mohapatra N R and Ganguly U 2017 Leaky integrate and fire neuron by charge-discharge dynamics in floating-body MOSFET Sci. Rep. 7 8257
[116] Fang X Y, Liu D R, Duan S K and Wang L D 2022 Memristive LIF spiking neuron model and its application in morse code Front. Neurosci. 16 853010
[117] Zare M, Zafarkhah E and Anzabi-Nezhad N S 2021 An area and energy efficient LIF neuron model with spike frequency adaptation mechanism Neurocomputing 465 350–8
[118] Lim H, Kornijcuk V, Seok J Y, Kim S K, Kim I, Hwang C S and Jeong D S 2015 Reliability of neuronal information conveyed by unreliable neuristor-based leaky integrate-and-fire neurons: a model study Sci. Rep. 5 9776
[119] Lv M and Ma J 2016 Multiple modes of electrical activities in a new neuron model under electromagnetic radiation Neurocomputing 205 375–81
[120] Xu Y, Ying H P, Jia Y, Ma J and Hayat T 2017 Autaptic regulation of electrical activities in neuron under electromagnetic induction Sci. Rep. 7 43452
[121] Serb A et al 2020 Author correction: memristive synapses connect brain and silicon spiking neurons Sci. Rep. 10 9584
[122] Rzeszut P, Checinski J, Brzozowski I, Zietek S, Skowro′nski W and Stobiecki T 2022 Multi-state MRAM cells for hardware neuromorphic computing Sci. Rep. 12 7178
[123] Zhang X M et al 2021 Hybrid memristor-CMOS neurons for in-situ learning in fully hardware memristive spiking neural networks Sci. Bull. 66 1624–33
[124] Dev D, Krishnaprasad A, Shawkat M S, He Z Z, Das S, Fan D L, Chung H, Jung Y and Roy T 2020 2D MoS2-based threshold switching memristor for artificial neuron IEEE Electron Device Lett. 41 936–9
[125] Lu Y F, Li Y, Li H Y, Wan T Q, Huang X D, He Y H and Miao X S 2020 Low-power artificial neurons based on Ag/TiN/HfAlOx/Pt threshold switching memristor for neuromorphic computing IEEE Electron Device Lett. 41 1245–8
[126] Mao H W, He Y L, Chen C S, Zhu L, Zhu Y X, Zhu Y, Ke S, Wang X J, Wan C J and Wan Q 2022 A spiking stochastic neuron based on stacked InGaZnO memristors Adv. Electron. Mater. 8 2100918
[127] Lumpkin E A and Caterina M J 2007 Mechanisms of sensory transduction in the skin Nature 445 858–65
[128] van Giesen L, Hernandez-Nunez L, Delasoie-Baranek S, Colombo M, Renaud P, Bruggmann R, Benton R, Samuel A D T and Sprecher S G 2016 Erratum: multimodal stimulus coding by a gustatory sensory neuron in Drosophila larvae Nat. Commun. 7 11028
[129] Chadderton P, Schaefer A T, Williams S R and Margrie T W 2014 Sensory-evoked synaptic integration in cerebellar and cerebral cortical neurons Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 71–83
[130] Norwich K H 1977 On the information received by sensory receptors Bull. Math. Biol. 39 453–61
[131] Jung Y H, Park B, Kim J U and Kim T I 2019 Bioinspired electronics for artificial sensory systems Adv. Mater. 31 1803637
[132] Collin S P 2007 Nervous and sensory systems Fish Physiol. 26 121–79
[133] Mishkin M, Ungerleider L G and Macko K A 1983 Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways Trends Neurosci. 6 414–7
[134] van Polanen V and Davare M 2015 Interactions between dorsal and ventral streams for controlling skilled grasp Neuropsychologia 79 186–91
[135] Freud E, Plaut D C and Behrmann M 2016 ‘What’ is happening in the dorsal visual pathway Trends Cogn. Sci. 20 773–84
[136] Wang X Q, Hou Z G, Zou A M, Tan M and Cheng L 2008 A behavior controller based on spiking neural networks for mobile robots Neurocomputing 71 655–66
[137] Wang Y, Liu S J, Wang H, Zhao Y and Zhang X D 2022 Neuron devices: emerging prospects in neural interfaces and recognition Microsyst. Nanoeng. 8 128
[138] Horgue L F, Assens A, Fodoulian L, Marconi L, Tuberosa J, Haider A, Boillat M, Carleton A and Rodriguez I 2022 Transcriptional adaptation of olfactory sensory neurons to GPCR identity and activity Nat. Commun. 13 2929
[139] Chun S et al 2021 An artificial neural tactile sensing system Nat. Electron. 4 429–38
[140] Duan Q X, Zhang T, Liu C, Yuan R, Li G, Tiw P J, Yang K, Ge C, Yang Y C and Huang R 2022 Artificial multisensory neurons with fused haptic and temperature perception for multimodal in-sensor computing Adv. Intell. Syst. 4 2200039
[141] Sun F Q, Lu Q F, Hao M M, Wu Y, Li Y, Liu L, Li L H, Wang Y Y and Zhang T 2022 An artificial neuromorphic somatosensory system with spatio-temporal tactile perception and feedback functions npj Flex. Electron. 6 72
[142] Wu X M, Li E L, Liu Y Q, Lin W K, Yu R J, Chen G X, Hu Y Y, Chen H P and Guo T L 2021 Artificial multisensory integration nervous system with haptic and iconic perception behaviors Nano Energy 85 106000
[143] Sun L, Du Y, Yu H Y, Wei H H, Xu W L and Xu W T 2022 An artificial reflex arc that perceives afferent visual and tactile information and controls efferent muscular actions Research 2022 9851843
[144] Iqbal S M A, Mahgoub I, Du E, Leavitt M A and Asghar W 2021 Advances in healthcare wearable devices npj Flex. Electron. 5 9
[145] Dai B Y, Gao C C and Xie Y N 2022 Flexible wearable devices for intelligent health monitoring View 3 20220027
[146] Bayoumy K et al 2021 Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: where we are and how to move forward Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 18 581–99
[147] Maiti R, Gerhardt L C, Lee Z S, Byers R A, Woods D, Sanz-Herrera J A, Franklin S E, Lewis R, Matcher S J and Carré M J 2016 In vivo measurement of skin surface strain and sub-surface layer deformation induced by natural tissue stretching J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 62 556–69
[148] Hua Q L, Sun J L, Liu H T, Bao R R, Yu R M, Zhai J Y, Pan C F and Wang Z L 2018 Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing Nat. Commun. 9 244
[149] Lee W W, Tan Y J, Yao H C, Li S, See H H, Hon M, Ng K A, Xiong B, Ho J S and Tee B C 2019 A neuro-inspired artificial peripheral nervous system for scalable electronic skins Sci. Robot. 4 eaax2198
[150] Kim M K, Parasuraman R N, Wang L, Park Y, Kim B, Lee S J, Lu N S, Min B C and Lee C H 2019 Soft-packaged sensory glove system for human-like natural interaction and control of prosthetic hands npg Asia Mater. 11 43
[151] Lin C T, He C W, Huang T T and Pan C L 2017 Longevity control by the nervous system: sensory perception, stress response and beyond Transl. Med. Aging 1 41–51
[152] Schulze P, Bestgen A K, Lech R K, Kuchinke L and Suchan B 2017 Preprocessing of emotional visual information in the human piriform cortex Sci. Rep. 7 9191
[153] Vetter P, Smith F W and Muckli L 2014 Decoding sound and imagery content in early visual cortex Curr. Biol. 24 1256–62
[154] Smith S L and Hausser M 2010 Parallel processing of visual space by neighboring neurons in mouse visual cortex Nat. Neurosci. 13 1144–9
[155] Koch C and Segev I 2000 The role of single neurons in information processing Nat. Neurosci. 3 1171–7
[156] Lee T S, Mumford D, Romero R and Lamme V A F 1998 The role of the primary visual cortex in higher level vision Vis. Res. 38 2429–54
[157] Iacaruso M F, Gasler I T and Hofer S B 2017 Synaptic organization of visual space in primary visual cortex Nature 547 449–52
[158] Chen J W, Zhou Z, Kim B J, Zhou Y, Wang Z Q, Wan T Q, Yan J M, Kang J F, Ahn J H and Chai Y 2023 Optoelectronic graded neurons for bioinspired in-sensor motion perception Nat. Nanotechnol. 18 882–8
[159] Wang H, Du Y M, Li Y T, Zhu B W, Leow W R, Li Y G, Pan J S, Wu T and Chen X D 2015 Configurable resistive switching between memory and threshold characteristics for protein-based devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 3825–31
[160] Wang S S, Wang R, Cao Y X, Ma X H, Wang H and Hao Y 2023 Bio-voltage memristors: from physical mechanisms to neuromorphic interfaces Adv. Electron. Mater. 9 2200972
[161] Matsukatova A N, Emelyanov A V, Kulagin V A, Vdovichenko A Y, Minnekhanov A A and Demin V A 2022 Nanocomposite parylene-C memristors with embedded Ag nanoparticles for biomedical data processing Org. Electron. 102 106455
[162] Zhang Y, Fan S N and Zhang Y P 2021 Bio-memristors based on silk fibroin Mater. Horiz. 8 3281–94
[163] Xu J Q, Zhao X N, Zhao X L, Wang Z Q, Tang Q X, Xu H Y and Liu Y C 2022 Memristors with biomaterials for biorealistic neuromorphic applications Small Sci. 2 2200028
[164] Fu T D et al 2020 Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors Nat. Commun. 11 1861
[165] O’Brien F J 2011 Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering Mater. Today 14 88–95
[166] Orive G, Anitua E, Pedraz J L and Emerich D F 2009 Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10 682–92
[167] Chen F M and Liu X H 2016 Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering Prog. Polym. Sci. 53 86–168
[168] Zhang K et al 2018 Advanced smart biomaterials and constructs for hard tissue engineering and regeneration Bone Res. 6 31
[169] Omichi M, Asano A, Tsukuda S, Takano K, Sugimoto M, Saeki A, Sakamaki D, Onoda A, Hayashi T and Seki S 2014 Fabrication of enzyme-degradable and size-controlled protein nanowires using single particle nano-fabrication technique Nat. Commun. 5 3718
[170] Maeda Y and Matsui H 2012 Genetically engineered proteinnanowires: unique features in site-specific functionalization and multi-dimensional self-assembly Soft Matter 8 7533–44
[171] Domigan L J 2013 Proteins and peptides as biological nanowires: towards biosensing devices Methods Protein Nanotechnology ed J A Gerrard (Humana Press) pp 131–52
[172] Men D, Zhang Z P, Guo Y C, Zhu D H, Bi L J, Deng J Y, Cui Z Q, Wei H P and Zhang X E 2010 An auto-biotinylated bifunctional protein nanowire for ultra-sensitive molecular biosensing Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 1137–41
[173] Wang J J, Qian F S, Huang S M, Lv Z Y, Wang Y, Xing X C, Chen M, Han S T and Zhou Y 2021 Recent progress of protein-based data storage and neuromorphic devices Adv. Intell. Syst. 3 2000180
[174] Wang T et al 2022 A chemically mediated artificial neuron Nat. Electron. 5 586–95
[175] Li X Y et al 2020 Power-efficient neural network with artificial dendrites Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 776–82