Taking 27 provinces in China as an example, this paper mainly examines the rural poverty reduction and its spatial spillover effects of population urbanization, land urbanization and economic urbanization in China from 2010 to 2017. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2017, rural poverty, population urbanization and land urbanization in China's provinces show significant characteristics of spatial agglomeration, while the spatial agglomeration of economic urbanization gradually decreased. (2) Population urbanization has a "U"-shaped character in the rural poverty, while economic urbanization has an inversed "U"-shaped character. Land urbanization has no obvious effect on the rural poverty; however, it mainly shows the potential to aggravate the occurrence of rural poverty. (3) Population urbanization and economic urbanization have obvious spatial spillover effect on rural poverty, meanwhile, they have a "threshold" phenomenon in the spatial spillover effect of rural poverty. The direct effect threshold of population urbanization in poverty reduction in the eastern and central regions has basically been broken through, and the poverty reduction potential is weak, while the spillover effect threshold of population urbanization on poverty reduction in most provinces still exists, and the beneficial spillover effect is still obvious. In contrast, the direct and spillover effects of economic urbanization in all the provinces have broken through the threshold. (4) The urbanization of population should be pushed forward reasonably, and the related system reform should be quickened. We will expand urban space effectively in an orderly manner, optimize the adjustment of urban industrial structure, expand the scale of tertiary industry of the economic development and strengthen its quality upgrading, increase urban employment rate and enhance the overall radiation-driven effect of cities and towns. The allocation and utilization of population, space and resources in the region should be coordinated in an overall way, and the positive "externalities" caused by factor aggregation should be brought into full play to promote long-term, stable and poverty reduction in rural areas, and promote urban-rural coordination and sustainable development.