With the growing demand for precision and efficiency in photodetection from advanced technologies such as high-resolution imaging, information communication, and quantum computing, polarization detection, as a crucial branch of photonic technology, is facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. In response, this document provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in polarization photodetection technologies that harness the unique properties of two-dimensional van der Waals materials. Particularly, it focuses on innovative methods that substantially enhance the performance of polarization detectors through three advanced strategies: surface plasmons, ferroelectric field control, and twist-angle materials. These techniques not only represent the forefront of research but also hold significant potential to revolutionize the way polarization is detected, offering deeper insights and broader applications across a spectrum of scientific fields. The review aims to bridge the current technological gaps by integrating these sophisticated materials and strategies, setting a new benchmark for the capabilities of polarization photodetection systems.Surface plasmons are emphasized as a core method to enhance light-material interactions within the realm of polarization photodetection. The strategy utilizes the phenomenon of localized and propagating plasmon resonances to amplify the interaction between light and the material surface, thus significantly boosting the sensitivity and selectivity of detectors. By intricately engineering nano-scale metallic structures, such as nano-wires or gratings, it is possible to localize these plasmons, which in turn magnify the electromagnetic fields at the material's surface. This intensification allows for the more effective detection of subtle polarization changes in light, enhancing the detector's ability to discern complex light patterns with greater accuracy and reliability.This review further discusses the innovative approach of ferroelectric field control, which harnesses the spontaneous polarization and localized electric fields inherent to ferroelectric materials. This method manipulates the carrier concentration and photovoltaic performance of polarization detectors, offering a significant enhancement in efficiency and energy utilization. By leveraging the persistent internal electric fields provided by ferroelectric materials, the technology enables detectors to operate efficiently with reduced energy input. This optimization not only enhances the operational efficiency of the devices but also contributes to a reduction in operational costs and energy consumption, making it a sustainable option for long-term applications in various technological fields.Another notable strategy explored is the utilization of twist-angle materials, where adjusting the relative angle between layers of two-dimensional materials introduces customizable electronic structures and optical properties. This adjustment allows for a tunable response to polarized light, which can be meticulously controlled to suit specific detection needs. The flexibility offered by twist-angle materials opens up new domains for polarization detection, making it possible to adapt and tailor photodetectors for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. The ability to modify the twist angle provides a powerful tool for researchers and engineers to develop highly adaptable and efficient photodetectors that can respond dynamically to different polarization states of light.The integration of these cutting-edge strategies into existing detector technologies marks a significant advancement towards developing high-performance, polarization-sensitive photodetectors. This review underscores the critical role of a synergistic approach that blends advanced material science with sophisticated micro-nano manufacturing techniques. This combination is essential for pushing the boundaries of current polarization detection technologies, facilitating the development of devices that are not only more effective but also more versatile and energy-efficient. By fostering innovation in material manipulation and device engineering, the field is poised for transformative breakthroughs that will enhance the capabilities of photonic technologies.Looking ahead, this review outlines the broad potential applications for these enhanced detectors in critical areas of modern technology. The advancements in polarization detection are not merely about keeping pace with technological demands—they also set the stage for pioneering new applications in photonics and related fields. The conclusion offers a visionary perspective on the future trajectory of polarization photodetection technology, highlighting the ongoing research and potential innovations that could continue to revolutionize the landscape of optical detection technologies. This continued evolution is expected to yield substantial scientific breakthroughs and propel industrial advancements, significantly impacting various sectors reliant on sophisticated optical detection systems.