[1] Hammad H and Lambrecht B N 2021 The basic immunology of asthma Cell 184 1469–85

[2] D’Agnillo F et al 2021 Lung epithelial and endothelial damage, loss of tissue repair, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and cellular senescence in fatal COVID-19 Sci. Transl. Med. 13 eabj7790

[3] Yesil-Celiktas O, Hassan S, Miri A K, Maharjan S, Al-Kharboosh R, Qui.nones-Hinojosa A and Zhang Y S 2018 Mimicking human pathophysiology in organ-on-chip devices Adv. Biol. 2 1800109

[4] Ronaldson-Bouchard K et al 2022 A multi-organ chip with matured tissue niches linked by vascular flow Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6 351–71

[5] Roth A and Berlin M W 2021 Human microphysiological systems for drug development Science 373 1304–6

[6] Mittal R, Woo F W, Castro C S, Cohen M A, Karanxha J, Mittal J, Chhibber T and Jhaveri V M 2019 Organ-on-chip models: implications in drug discovery and clinical applications J. Cell. Physiol. 234 8352–80

[7] Wu GH et al 2022 Development of digital organ-on-a-chip to assess hepatotoxicity and extracellular vesicle-based anti-liver cancer immunotherapy Bio-Des. Manuf. 5 437–50

[8] Artzy-Schnirman A, Arber Raviv S, Doppelt Flikshtain O, Shklover J, Korin N, Gross A, Mizrahi B, Schroeder A and Sznitman J 2021 Advanced human-relevant in vitro pulmonary platforms for respiratory therapeutics Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 176 113901

[9] Weibel E R 2017 Lung morphometry: the link between structure and function Cell Tissue Res. 367 413–26

[10] Knudsen L and Ochs M 2018 The micromechanics of lung alveoli: structure and function of surfactant and tissue components Histochem. Cell Biol. 150 661–76

[11] Bai H Q and Ingber D E 2022 What can an organ-on-a-chip teach us about human lung pathophysiology? Physiology 37 242–52

[12] Roan E and Waters C M 2011 What do we know about mechanical strain in lung alveoli? Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 301 L625–35

[13] Doryab A and Groll J 2023 Biomimetic in vitro lung models: current challenges and future perspective Adv. Mater. 35 2210519

[14] Huh D, Matthews B D, Mammoto A, Montoya-Zavala M, Hsin H Y and Ingber D E 2010 Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip Science 328 1662–8

[15] SiLL et al 2021 A human-airway-on-a-chip for the rapid identification of candidate antiviral therapeutics and prophylactics Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5 815–29

[16] Song J W, Paek J, Park K-T, Seo J and Huh D 2018 A bioinspired microfluidic model of liquid plug-induced mechanical airway injury Biomicrofluidics 12 042211

[17] Zhang M et al 2021 Biomimetic human disease model of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury and immune responses on organ chip system Adv. Sci. 8 2002928

[18] Mata A, Fleischman A J and Roy S 2005 Characterization of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) properties for biomedical micro/nanosystems Biomed. Microdevices 7 281–93

[19] ChuahYJ,KohYT, LimK,MenonNV, Wu YNand Kang Y J 2016 Simple surface engineering of polydimethylsiloxane with polydopamine for stabilized mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and multipotency Sci. Rep. 5 18162

[20] Artzy-Schnirman A, Zidan H, Elias-Kirma S, Ben-Porat L, Tenenbaum-Katan J, Carius P, Fishler R, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr C-M and Sznitman J 2019 Capturing the onset of bacterial pulmonary infection in acini-on-chips Adv. Biosyst. 3 1900026

[21] Yue K, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez M M, Tamayol A, Annabi N and Khademhosseini A 2015 Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels Biomaterials 73 254–71

[22] Zeng Z Y, Jiang G H, Liu T Q, Song G, Sun Y F, Zhang X Y, Jing Y T, Feng M J and Shi Y F 2021 Fabrication of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel microneedles for transdermal delivery of metformin in diabetic rats Bio-Des. Manuf. 4 902–11

[23] Xie M J, Gao Q, Fu J Z, Chen Z C and He Y 2020 Bioprinting of novel 3D tumor array chip for drug screening Bio-Des. Manuf. 3 175–88

[24] Huang D et al 2021 Reversed-engineered human alveolar lung-on-a-chip model Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118 e2016146118

[25] Doryab A, Taskin M B, Stahlhut P, Schr.ppel A, Wagner D E, Groll J and Schmid O 2021 A biomimetic, copolymeric membrane for cell-stretch experiments with pulmonary epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2004707

[26] Benham-Pyle B W, Pruitt B L and Nelson W J 2015 Mechanical strain induces E-cadherin-dependent Yap1 and β-catenin activation to drive cell cycle entry Science 348 1024–7

[27] YangBN,SunHL,SongFF, Wu YRandWangJW2018 Yes-associated protein 1 promotes the differentiation and mineralization of cementoblast J. Cell. Physiol. 233 2213–24

[28] Doryab A, Tas S, Taskin M B, Yang L, Hilgendorff A, Groll J, Wagner D E and Schmid O 2019 Evolution of bioengineered lung models: recent advances and challenges in tissue mimicry for studying the role of mechanical forces in cell biology Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1903114

[29] Yoshida T, Fujino Y, Amato M B P and Kavanagh B P 2017 Fifty years of research in ARDS. Spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. risks, mechanisms, and management Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 195 985–92

[30] Slutsky A S and Ranieri V M 2013 Ventilator-induced lung injury New Engl. J. Med. 369 2126–36

[31] Swift J et al 2013 Nuclear lamin-A scales with tissue stiffness and enhances matrix-directed differentiation Science 341 1240104

[32] Stefanello S T et al 2021 Impact of the nuclear envelope on malignant transformation, motility, and survival of lung cancer cells Adv. Sci. 8 e2102757

[33] Kim J-K, Louhghalam A, Lee G, Schafer B W, Wirtz D and Kim D-H 2017 Nuclear lamin A/C harnesses the perinuclear apical actin cables to protect nuclear morphology Nat. Commun. 8 2123

[34] Kirby T J and Lammerding J 2018 Emerging views of the nucleus as a cellular mechanosensor Nat. Cell Biol. 20 373–81

[35] Vieillard-Baron A, Matthay M, Teboul J L, Bein T, Schultz M, Magder S and Marini J J 2016 Experts’ opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation Intensive Care Med. 42 739–49

[36] Gattinoni L and Quintel M 2016 How ARDS should be treated Crit. Care 20 86

[37] Curley G F, Laffey J G, Zhang H B and Slutsky A S 2016 Biotrauma and ventilator-induced lung injury: clinical implications Chest 150 1109–17

[38] López-Alonso I, Blázquez-Prieto J, Amado-Rodríguez L, González-López A, Astudillo A, Sánchez M, Huidobro C, López-Martínez C, Dos Santos C C and Albaiceta G M 2018 Preventing loss of mechanosensation by the nuclear membranes of alveolar cells reduces lung injury in mice during mechanical ventilation Sci. Transl. Med. 10 eaam7598

[39] Zamprogno P et al 2021Second-generation lung-on-a-chip with an array of stretchable alveoli made with a biological membrane Commun. Biol. 4 168

[40] Higuita-Castro N, Nelson M T, Shukla V, Agudelo-Garcia P A, Zhang W, Duarte-Sanmiguel S M, Englert J A, Lannutti J J, Hansford D J and Ghadiali S N 2017 Using a novel microfabricated model of the alveolar-capillary barrier to investigate the effect of matrix structure on atelectrauma Sci. Rep. 7 11623

[41] ZhuYJ,SunLY, WangY, CaiLJ,ZhangZH, ShangYX and Zhao Y J 2022 A biomimetic human lung-on-a-chip with colorful display of microphysiological breath Adv. Mater. 34 2108972

[42] Kang D, Park J A, Kim W, Kim S, Lee H-R, Kim W-J, Yoo J-Y and Jung S 2021 All-inkjet-printed 3D alveolar barrier model with physiologically relevant microarchitecture Adv. Sci. 8 2004990

[43] BaiHQ et al 2022 Mechanical control of innate immune responses against viral infection revealed in a human lung alveolus chip Nat. Commun. 13 1928

[44] Doryab A et al 2021 A bioinspired in vitro lung model to study particokinetics of nano-/microparticles under cyclic stretch and air-liquid interface conditions Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9 616830

[45] Doryab A, Taskin M B, Stahlhut P, Groll J and Schmid O 2022 Real-time measurement of cell mechanics as a clinically relevant readout of an in vitro lung fibrosis model established on a bioinspired basement membrane Adv. Mater. 34 2205083

[46] Taskin M B, Tylek T, Blum C, B.hm C, Wiesbeck C and Groll J 2021 Inducing immunomodulatory effects on human macrophages by multifunctional NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)/ gelatin hydrogel nanofibers ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 7 3166–78

[47] Karoutas A and Akhtar A 2021 Functional mechanisms and abnormalities of the nuclear lamina Nat. Cell Biol. 23 116–26

[48] Gerace L and Tapia O 2018 Messages from the voices within: regulation of signaling by proteins of the nuclear lamina Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 52 14–21

[49] Patil S and Sengupta K 2021 Role of A-and B-type lamins in nuclear structure-function relationships Biol. Cell 113 295–310

[50] Song Y, Soto J, Chen B R, Yang L and Li S 2020 Cell engineering: biophysical regulation of the nucleus Biomaterials 234 119743