The fingertip is one of the most convenient part for collection of the human body to be used for measurements and has been the focus of biometric identification research. As external fingertip biometrics, such as fingerprints, have shown poor resistance to environmental interference and easy forgery, internal fingertip biometrics have begun to receive attention. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables non-invasive three-dimensional imaging of the internal structure of a fingertip. From the measured volume data, secure and stable internal fingertip biometric features, such as internal fingerprints, sweat pores, and sweat glands, have been obtained. Therefore, in the past two decades, the use of OCT has received substantial research attention. Research progresses on OCT in fingertip biometrics acquisition, and its applications in biometric identification and anti-counterfeiting are presented in this paper. Finally, an analysis of the current technical limitations and development prospects is presented. The findings can provide theoretical support for sustainable development of this research field.