Zhen-Wu ZHANG, Ning WANG, Ling-Ling MA, Bei-Bei ZHANG, Yong-Guang ZHAO, Wan LI. Simulation and evaluation of mid-infrared sea surface sun glint directional radiation[J]. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2025, 44(2): 212
- Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Vol. 44, Issue 2, 212 (2025)
Fig. 1. Geometric relationship between the sun，satellite sensor，and the ocean surface
Fig. 2. Monthly average wind speed at heights above 10 meters over the study area in 2023
Fig. 3. MODIS images and the filtered grid：(a) MOD021KM.A2023047.2230; (b) MOD021KM. A2023091.0000.061; (c) MOD021KM.A2023182.0130.061;(d) MOD021KM.A202327 5.0100.061；(i) is the MODIS 021KM product image, and (ii) is the filtered grid)
Fig. 4. The variation in the reflectance of sun glint on the sea surface under different observational geometric conditions: (a) observation zenith angle of 10º; (b) observation zenith angle of 20º; (c) observation zenith angle of 30º; (d) observation zenith angle of 40º
Fig. 5. Reflectance at different observation zenith angles for three models: (a) observation zenith angle of 10º; (b) observation zenith angle of 20°; (c)observation zenith angle of 30º; (d) observation zenith angle of 40º
Fig. 6. Reflectance for different wind speeds according to three models: (a) Breon-Henriot model; (b) Ebuchi-Kizu model; (c) Wu model
Fig. 7. Reflectance for different wind directions according to two models: (a) Breon-Henriot model; (b) Ebuchi-Kizu model
Fig. 8. Reflectance at different refractive indices for three models
Fig. 9. Comparison of simulated top-of-atmosphere radiance temperatures from three models with MODIS observed radiance temperatures: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC
Fig. 10. Variation in observation zenith angles and solar zenith angles for four images: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC
Fig. 11. Variation in relative azimuth angles and wind speeds for four images: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC
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Table 1. Accuracy results for the comparison between simulated top-of-atmosphere radiance temperatures from three models and MODIS observed radiance temperatures
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