This paper proposes a fingerprint detection system that integrates polarized imaging with spatial filtering. The system effectively extracts fingerprint information submerged in background noise, achieving high-quality imaging of fingerprint targets on phase objects. By using a focusing lens and a pinhole reflector, low-frequency background patterns of Fraunhofer diffraction are filtered out, capturing only high-frequency detail information. With the integration of polarized imaging technology, the polarization parameters and Polarization Degree of Linear Polarization (PDOLP) images of fingerprint images are obtained, resulting in clear fingerprint imaging. The results show that the addition of spatial filtering and polarized imaging technology improves the clarity of fingerprint images by approximately 6.8 times, highlighting details and ridges of fingerprint. Compared to intensity images, PDOLP images of fingerprint can significantly eliminate the influence of other interfering substances on phase objects, obtaining more complete and rich fingerprint detail information. This technology holds potential applications in fingerprint verification and criminal investigation fields.