In order to analyze the impact of the absorption and turbulence characteristics of seawater on the transmission performance of vortex beams, an analytical expression for the detection probability of the orbital angular momentum （OAM） mode of anomalous vortex beams is derived, taking into account both the absorption and turbulence effects of seawater. The influence of absorbing turbulent seawater on the spiral phase spectrum, detection probability, and crosstalk probability of anomalous vortex beams is discussed in detail. The simulation results indicate that the absorption effect of seawater cannot be ignored, as it can lead to a decrease in detection probability. Absorbing ocean turbulence can lead to the expansion of the spiral phase spectrum, and as the number of OAM modes increases, the degree of expansion of the spiral phase spectrum becomes greater. As the temperature variance dissipation rate, temperature salinity contribution ratio, and turbulence energy dissipation rate of ocean turbulence decrease, the detection probability of OAM mode increases and the crosstalk probability decreases.