The Altar of Agriculture in Beijing is an important historical site of the royal sacrificial buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the carrier of the traditional Chinese thoughts of emphasizing agriculture,which bears witness to the long history of Chinese culture. Under the long-term influence of natural and human factors,various diseases such as smoke and peeling have appeared in the architectural color paintings of the Altar of Agriculture,which need to be protected urgently. In order to obtain the material composition information in the architectural colored paintings of the Altar of Agriculture to support the protection and restoration of the colored paintings,portable Raman spectrometer and a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to conduct a non-destructive analysis of three representative architectural colored paintings in the Precious Clothing Hall of the Altar of Agriculture. A fragment was analyzed by combining micro Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods,the main components of pigments used in colored paintings were successfully obtained. The results showed that the priming coat material of the three paintings all contained calcium carbonate,and gold foil remained on the surface of the gold dragon pattern. In addition,cinnabar,red lead,lead white,atacmite,and indigo were used in the original colored paintings. In addition to the above cinnabar,red lead and lead white,the mixed use of red lead and orpiment was detected in the areas of the golden dragon pattern,and the blue and green pigments were ultramarine and Emerald green respectively,which were different from the pigments used in the original colored paintings. Various modern synthetic pigments were identified in the repainted color paintings,such as titanium dioxide,chrome yellow,Sudan I,phthalocyanine green,ultramarine blue,bright red β-naphthol,etc. According to the use of pigments and historical records,the painting periods of the three colored paintings were determined to be around 1754,1860 and 1997. Due to the lack of knowledge of the pigments used in the original colored paintings,the pigments used in the later repaired color paintings are different from the original colored paintings. This study not only helps to judge the preservation history of architectural color painting but also provides a reliable basis for the protection of color painting,which has an important guiding significance for the subsequent protection and restoration work.