In order to solve the problem that the surface traceability and anti-counterfeiting data matrix (DM) code of industrial pure titanium alloy (TA1) is easy to wear, the coating is prepared on the surface of TA1 using low-power laser nitriding process to achieve surface strengthening in a closed nitrogen environment. The effects of laser power on the microstructure, microhardness, and friction and wear properties of TA1 nitride layer are investigated. The research results show that the nitride layer is mainly composed of TiN phases and a small number of α-Ti and β-Ti phases, indicating that the process can effectively achieve laser nitriding on the surface of TA1. When the laser power is 16 W, the scanning distance is 0.03 mm, the frequency is 40 Hz, the scanning speed is 25 mm/s, and the compensation factor is 0.04 mm, the surface microhardness of the nitride layer is increased by 1.7 times, the wear volume is reduced by 98%, and the width and depth of the wear mark are reduced by 83% and 82%, respectively. In addition, under the optimal laser nitriding parameters, the DM code is laser-marked in atmospheric and nitrogen environments, and the wear resistance of the DM code is evaluated through a friction experiment. The results show that the average friction coefficient of the DM code is reduced by 44.4%, the width of the wear mark is reduced by 55%, and the contrast is increased by 25%. The DM code reading grade is level A in the nitrogen environment and level C in the atmospheric environment. The results show that the laser nitriding marking process substantially improves the hardness and wear resistance of the DM code on the basis of ensuring the reading grade of the DM code.