Computational optical microscopy imaging technology combines optical encoding and computational decoding to retrieve multi-dimensional information of microscopic objects through optical manipulation and image algorithm reconstruction, providing a powerful boost for microscopy imaging technology to break through traditional imaging capabilities. The development of this technology has benefited from the optimization of modern optical systems, image sensors, and high-performance data processing equipment, and is also enabled by the development of advanced communication technologies and equipment. As a highly integrated electronic device, the smartphone platform has an advanced image sensor and a high-performance processor, which can collect the image of the optical system and run the image processing algorithm, creating a new way for the realization of computational optical microscopy imaging technology. Furthermore, as a mobile communication terminal, the open operating system and various wireless network access methods of the smartphone platform endow the microscope with flexible and intelligent control capabilities and rich display and processing analysis functions, which can be used to realize diversified biological detection applications in various complex environments. In this paper, the computational optical microscopy imaging technology based on the smartphone platform was reviewed from four aspects. First, the design of the new microscopic imaging optical path based on the smartphone platform as an optical imaging device was reviewed. Next, the computational optical high-throughput microscopy imaging technology based on the advanced sensor of the smartphone platform was introduced. Then, the application of the data processing and interconnection capabilities of the smartphone platform in computational microscopy imaging was introduced, and finally some of the existing problems and solutions of this technology were discussed.