Yu grain soil has been used in Mongolian medicine for a long time, but due to the lack of quality indicators, the quality cannot be guaranteed, which significantly affects its application. In this study, the material composition, structure and element content of 9 batches of Yu grain soil samples were determined by FTIR, XRD and ICP-MS, and the quality control method of Yu grain soil was explored. The results showed that the FTIR wavelengths of 9 batches of raw Yu grain soil were 3 696, 3 620, 1 621, 1 164, 913, 797, 778, 695, 537 and 469 cm-1 have common peaks, of which 797 cm-1 is Fe—O—Fe stretching absorption peak, 695 cm-1 is Fe—O—Fe symmetrical stretching absorption peak, 469 cm-1 is the characteristic peak of Si—O—Si. The main phases of XRD of Yu grain soil are Fe2O3 and SiO2, and are accompanied by other minerals such as Al4(OH)8(Si4O10), K(Al4Si2O9)(OH)3, CaCO3 and some phosphates. The diffraction angles 24.870, 33.116, 38.436 in the XRD diffraction spectrum of raw product Yu grain soil are the X-ray diffraction peaks of Fe2O3, and the diffraction angles 20.837, 26.608, 36.512, 39.437, 40.235, 42.423, 45.759, 50.102, 54.827 are SiO2 X-ray diffraction peaks. ICP-MS determined the elements in Yu grain soil. The results showed that the element composition of Yu grain soil was very rich, and the element content of different production areas and batches were quite different. The content of Fe in Yu grain soil was the highest, and its average value was 56.9 mg·g-1. The limit standard is that the total iron content of raw Yu grain soil should not be less than 4.55%, and the limit of Pb, As, Hg, Cu and Cd elements in raw Yu grain soil should not exceed 50 μg·g-1. The element clustering results show that the samples S3, S5, S6, and S7 are classified into one class at the Euclidean distance of 10—15, and the samples S1, S2, S4, S8, and S9 are classified into one class, the results of cluster analysis showed that there were differences in the element composition and content of Yu grain soil in different production areas. The Yu grain soil from Henan and Inner Mongolia can be divided into one category, and the Yu grain soil from Shandong and Qinghai can be divided into one category. Four principal components were identified, and the cumulative contribution rate was 90.462%. K, Sr, Be, and As were screened as characteristic elements of Yu grain soil samples.