Fig. 1. Flowchart of proposed algorithm

Fig. 2. Push-broom diagram of EMI in a nadir

Fig. 3. Examples of O₂-O₂ DOAS fitting. (a) EMI measured spectrum(dashed line) and reference spectrum(solid line); (b) reference cross section (dashed line) and absorption cross section (solid line) of O₂-O₂; (c) reference cross section (dashed line) and absorption cross section (solid line) of Ring effect; (d) residual structure fitting

Fig. 4. Diagram of independent pixel approximation model

Fig. 5. EMI measured $N_{\mathrm{s},{\mathrm{O}}_2?{\mathrm{O}}_2}$ distribution

Fig. 6. Difference between simulated and EMI measured O₂-O₂ VCD

Fig. 7. $N_{\mathrm{s},{\mathrm{O}}_2?{\mathrm{O}}_2}$ distribution after correction

Fig. 8. EMI measured distribution of cloud fraction

Fig. 9. OMI measured distribution of cloud fraction

Fig. 10. Frequency percent distribution of cloud fraction

Fig. 11. Correlation analysis of OMI and EMI cloud fraction

Table 1. Parameter settings for O₂-O₂ DOAS fitting

Table 2. Input parameter node settings of radiative transfer model

Table 3. Node settings for R_cand